'Cardiovascular Review Supplement\r'

'6 Histology Re grab accouterment cardiovascular Tissue Review From the PhysioEx primary(prenominal) menu, take on Histology Atlas. imbue on the blanched Sort By drop-d feature menu and select Histology Review from the list. Refer to the slides in the Cardiovascular Tissue Slides folder as you peg this worksheet. Which circumstances of the intercalated discus is a hypercritical point that delivers the intercellular communication required for the myocardium to bring to pass as a single-valued utilitarian syncytium? bedcover junctions centerfield The magnetic core is a four-chambered healthy pump.Although its w both stooge be shargond out into iodine-third distinct histological layers ( terminusocardium, myocardium, and epicardium), the cardiac heftiness of the myocardium composes the bulk of the shopping center wall. air Vessels Blood vessels fix a constitution of conduits done which lifesustaining crease is conveyed from the midsection to all adjourns o f the personate and buns to the center field again. Generally, the wall of e authenticly vessel is draw as being composed of three layers, or tunics. The tunic intima, or tunic interna, a simple squamous endothelium and a low amount of subjacent loose conjunction wander, is the innermost layer adjacent to the vessel lumen.Smooth muscle and elastin argon the predominant constituents of the fondness tunica media, and the outermost tunica tunica, or tunica externa, is a connective tissue layer of variable ponderousness that provides gage and transmits little(a)er linage and lymphatic vessels and nerves. The onerousness of each tunic varies widely with hole and function of the vessel. Arteries, subjected to considerable pressure fluctuations, senselessdite thicker walls overall, with the tunica media being thicker than the tunica adventitia.\r\n cross-file Renal System Physiology PhysioexVeins, in contrast, are subjected to much lower pressures and hasten tenuous walls overall, with the tunica adventitia often outsizing the tunica media. Be come thinwalled veins conduct blood back to the centerfield against gravity, valves (not present in arteries) also are present at musical intervals to forestall back full point. In capillaries, where exchange occurs in the midst of the blood and tissues, the tunica intima alone composes the vessel wall. The tunica media of the aorta would pick out a much great symmetry of what type of tissue than a small arterial blood vessel?Elastic fibers In general, which vessel would have a big lumen, an artery or its corresponding vein? Click slide 1. Contractile cardiac muscle cells (myocytes, myofibers) have the same striated appearance as raddled muscle, but are bifurcate earlier than cylindrical in var. and have one (occasionally ii) nucleus (myonucleus) rather than many. The cytoplasmic striations represent the same system of rules of myofilaments (sarcomeres) and alignment of sarcomeres as in gau nt muscle, and the mechanism of thinion is the same. The intercalated disc, however, is a distinction fantastic to cardiac muscle.The Cardiovascular SystemThe thick stained building is a mixed of intercellular junctions (desmosomes, gap junctions, fasciae adherens) that structurally and functionally link cardiac muscle cells end to end. A second population of cells in the myocardium composes the noncontractile indwelling conduction system (nodal system). Although cardiac muscle is autorhythmic, meaning it has the ability to contract involuntarily in the absence of external innervation provided by the nervous system, it is the inborn conduction system that prescribes the rate and natty sequence of contraction. Extrinsic innervation precisely modulates the congenital body process.Click slide 2. Of the various components of the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system, Purkinje fibers are the most pronto find outd histologically. They are busticularly large in the ven tricular myocardium and are recognise by their very pale-staining cytoplasm and larger diameter. The connective tissue component of cardiac muscle is relatively sparse and lacks the administration present in skeletal muscle. Which component of the intercalated disc is a strong intercellular junction that functions to keep cells from being pulled aside during contraction? Desmosomes What is a functional syncytium?cardiac muscle cell are mechanically, chemically and electrically connected to one otherwise wherefore would the tunica media and tunica adventitia not be present in a capillary tube? The capillaries are very thin and have only path for layer of endothelial tissue, in the form of tunica intimaR E V I E W NAMELAB TIME/DATES H E E T engagement 31 > Print FormConduction System of the Heart and Electrocardiography The Intrinsic Conduction System1. name the elements of the intrinsic conduction system in order, starting from the SA node.SA node > artioventricular n ode > > artioventricular take bundle peges purkinje fibers artioventricular node At what structure in the transmission sequence is the proneness temporarily delayed? Why? because it ensures that the atria have ejected their blood into the ventricles first before they contract.2. nevertheless though cardiac muscle has an inherent ability to beat, the nodal system receives a critical voice in perfume physiology. What is that role? generate action potential at a greater frequency than other cardiac muscle cells. They are the footprint m the nerve center. It sets the boob rate at a lower place normal circumstances. Electrocardiography3. Define cardiogram. The graphic written text of the electrical changes occurring during the cardiac cycle4. Draw an ECG wave form representing one fancybeat. mark off the P, QRS, and T waves; the Pâ€R interval; the Sâ€T segment, and the Qâ€T interval. R S T P T Q P-R interval S Q-T interval5. Why does heart rate increase duri ng running? The heart must beat faster and harder in order to deliver the larger amount of blood to muscles being used when running. 2076. sop up what happens in the cardiac cycle in the following situations. . 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. this instant before the P wave: during the P wave: heart is in diastole depolarization of ventricles contraction of atria straight off after the P wave (Pâ€R segment): during the QRS wave: depolarization of ventricles contraction of ventricles immediately after the QRS wave (Sâ€T interval): during the T wave: repolarization of ventricles7. Define the following terms. 1. 2. 3. tachycardia: bradycardia: fibrillation: a heart rate over hundred trounce/min a heart rate below 60 beats/min rapid uncoordinated heart contractions that makes heart useless as a pump ventricular fibrillation8. Which would be more serious, atrial or ventricular fibrillation? Why? when heart is in V-fib you are abruptly unless it female genitalia be shocked back into rhythm w ith atrial fibrillation9. Abnormalities of heart valves feces be detected more accurately by auscultation than by electrocardiography. Why is this so? Abnormal heart valves cause extra heart sounds that can be perceive with stethoscope. EEG just measures electrical activity in the heart. It doesnt show how the valve works.208 Review tabloid 31R E V I E W NAMELAB TIME/DATES H E E T EXERCISEAnatomy of the Heart sodding(a) Anatomy of the Human Heart1. An forward view of the heart is shown here. Match each structure listed on the go forth over(p) over(p)overfield with the correct earn in the figure. G J R U B K D N A 1. overcompensate atrium2. powerful ventricle3. left over(p) atrium c a b o4. left ventricle5. superior vena cava6. inferior vena cava7. ascending aorta8. aortic arch9. brachiocephalic artery10. left common carotid artery11. left subclavian artery12. pneumonic trunk13. slump pneumonic artery14. left pneumonic artery15. ligamentum arteriosum16. ight pulmon ary veins17. left pulmonary veins18. right coronary thrombosis artery19. anterior cardiac vein T S W X V20. left coronary artery21. circumflex artery22. anterior interventricular artery23. apex of heart24. great cardiac veinWhat is the function of the fluid that fills the pericardial sac? environment. It allows the heart to beat in a relatively frictionless 3. Match the terms in the key to the descriptions provided below.F A H E A G B D G C1. location of the heart in the thorax2. superior heart chambers3. nferior heart chambers4. nonrational pericardium5. â€Å"anterooms” of the heart6. equals cardiac muscle7. provide nutrient blood to the heart muscle8. lining of the heart chambers9. actual â€Å"pumps” of the heart10. drains blood into the right atriumKey: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. atria coronary arteries coronary sinus endocardium epicardium mediastinum myocardium ventricles4. What is the function of the valves constitute in the heart? Prevents back flow of blood5. What is the role of the chordae tendineae? enforce a one way blood flow done the heart chambersTheir called heart strings, and anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls Pulmonary, general, and cardiac Circulations6. A simple schematic of a so-called general circulation is shown below. What part of the circulation is missing from this diagram? Pulmonary circulation conduce to the diagram as best you can to make it depict a consummate(a) general/pulmonary circulation. Label the systemic and pulmonary circulations. pulmonary ve heart pulmonary pulmonary Heart Systemic arteries Systemic capillaries Systemic veins systemic 202 Review tab 307.Differentiate clearly between the roles of the pulmonary and systemic circulations. Pulmonary circulation is only to provide fuck up exchange in the lungs; The systemic circulation provides the functional blood issue to all body tissues8. Complete the following scheme of circulation of a red blood cell in the human body. Right atrium throu gh with(predicate) the tricuspid valve to the semilunar beds of the lungs, to the the biscuspid aorta right ventricle , through the pulmonary arteries pulmonary , to the capillary of the heart, through , through the aortic semilunar of the , and alve to the pulmonary trunk, to the pulmonary veins valve to the , to the left ventricle left atrium valve to the , to the systemic arteries, to the superior vena cava , capillary beds tissues, to the systemic veins, to the coronary sinus ; cardiac veins inferior vena cava entering the right atrium of the heart. pulmonary circulation9. If the mitral valve does not impede properly, which circulation is affected?10. Why might a thrombus (blood clot) in the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery cause sudden death? I can cut off the blood supply to the heart, resulting in death.Microscopic Anatomy of Cardiac Muscle11. How would you select the structure of cardiac muscle from that of skeletal muscle? skeletal muscle is long, s ylindrical, multinucleated cells ; has striations. Cardiac muscles branch, striated, uni-mucleated cells that interdigitate at the junctions12. Add the following terms to the photograph of cardiac muscle below. a. intercalated disc b. nucleus of cardiac fiber c. striations d. cardiac muscle fiber interca Describe the crotchety anatomical features of cardiac muscle. What role does the unique structure of cardiac muscle play in its function?The intercalated discs have 2 important functions striatio nucleu1) holds the myocytes together so they dont part w heart contracts.2) allows an electrical federation between the cells, which is vital to the function of cardia the heart as a whole.Also has many mitochondria that provide energy required for contraction.  203 Review tack 30 Dissection of the Sheep Heart13. During the sheep heart dissection, you were asked initially to refer the right and left ventricles without cutting into the heart. During this procedure, what differences di d you ob attend between the two chambers? eft ventricle was thick and solid, and the right was thinner and well moved and flabby When you measured thickness of ventricular walls, was the right or left ventricle thicker? left ventricle designed that structure and function are related, how would you recount this structural difference reflects the relative functions of these two heart chambers? Theres a greater demand on the longer systemic circulation and has a higher resistance than the pulmonary circulation14. Semilunar valves prevent backflow into the atria ventricles ; AV valves prevent backflow into the Using your own observations, explain how the operation of the semilunar valves the mitral valve allows the blood to flow from the left atrium into left ventricle differs from that of the AV valves. tricuspid valve kale back flow of blood between th two. The semilunar valves permit blood to be forced into the but prevent back flow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles. 15. contrast and contrast the structure of the right and left atrioventricular valves. has 3 flapped valve. the mitral valve contains 2 flaps, tricuspi16.Two remnants of foetal structures are observable in the heartâ€the ligamentum arteriosum and the fossa ovalis. What were they called in the fetal heart, where was each located, and what common purpose did they serve as functioning fetal structures? ligamentum arteriosm- called ducts arterious in fetal heart. located between the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch In adults ligament there now. Allows blood to flow from pulmonary trunk to systemic circulation.17. Fossa Ovaliscalled foramen ovale in fetal heart, located on right atrium wall and wall of right ventricle.Allowed blood to enter 204 Review shroud 30\r\n'