Dispositional Resistance to Change Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dispositional Resistance to Change - Article Example or the study is to validate that the RTC scale measures the dispositional resistance to change and that it accurately reflects ‘resistance to change’ as a personality factor that correlates appropriately with other personality factors like neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience and agreeableness and conscientiousness. This is a significant research as earlier research into resistance to change have been confined to the environmental and external factors and how individuals may respond to change in a given situation. This study also presented a literature survey that established this fact. It presented the research by various scholars like Armenakis, Harris, & Mossholder, 1993; Bartunek, Rosseau, Rudolph, & DePalma, 2006; Fedor, Caldwell, & Herold, 2006; Kiefer, 2005; Ameniakis et al., 1993; Bartunek et al., 2006; Fedor et al., 2006; Kiefer, 2005; which either claim that resistance to change is merely behavioral issue or merely an emotional or cognitive one. The current study also dwelt on Oreg’s contention that resistance to change is more holistic and based on disposition. This is among the very few studies on the topic of resistance to change that takes the dispositional approach and indicate that resistance to change depends upon the make-up of the individuals. The findings from this study are expected to benefit organizations and managers in understanding individual resistance to change and provide insight about overcoming it. The study was conducted using an RTC scale (Oreg, 2003) and a short version of the NEO PI-R, the NEO-FFI (Costa & McCrae, 1992). The RTC scale measured the dispositional resistance to change using 17 items that had responses in the range of 1 to 6 intensity with 1 denoting strongly disagree and 6 strongly agree. The NEO-FFI is based on the FFM personality scale and it uses sixty items, 12 each per trait to measure the overall personality traits. The population selected for the study was from Norwegian University of

Students working while in college Essay Example for Free

Students working while in college Essay Back in 70’s and 80’s, going to college and getting a degree did not seem much of a necessary thing to do. Students, who used to have enough time, enough money or much interest in doing so, used to go to college. Other students, by the end of their high school used to start looking for jobs good enough to support them and any dependents, if they had, financially. Even till not very long ago, going to college was more of a privilege, not a necessity. However, with growing competition all around the world, and increasing globalization and the world becoming a global village with multicultural workforces and amalgamated employee bases, going to college is becoming more and more of a necessity with every passing day. In fact, it has already become inevitable for most of the students in most parts of the world to have a good college degree in addition to proper experience and a set of competitive skills and abilities, in order to get a good, reputable job that earns a good sum of money for one’s living respectably. This fact, created great financial problems for the not-so-rich students, who could not afford the college education required to get them a good job. This might even have led to disparity among the population since the poor students who could not afford good college education would not have got good jobs either and would always have remained poor. This would have gone on and on. Eventually, these students either needed financial aid or any other means to generate money to pay the college fee and earn a degree. Many solutions were figured out. One way out are financial aids and scholarships. Another way to finance college education is to work while one studies at college earning the money for tuition along side Financial Aid and Scholarships One alternative to working while studying at college is to avail financial aids and scholarships. Financial aids are special loans provided to students who cannot afford college education to enable them to complete their studies and then pay the loan back slowly and gradually either during the course of their studies or later on when they have finished their educational life and start working. As far as scholarships are concerned, they are the special kind of the financial aid which does not need to be paid back. These scholarships can be provided under special programs by the government, NGO’s, any other private body or even the college/university itself. They might either be fully paid or partially paid (by a fixed percent). The Scholarships can either be merit based (when a student is exceptionally good at studies, that his education expenses are exempted or paid; in this case, the student should not be necessarily needy) or need based (when the student is good enough but cannot finance his education so his education fee needs to be exempted or paid). (Petersons, 2003) However, this is not always the case and is not applicable practically everywhere for many a reason. As far as financial aids are concerned, the problem with them is that they have to be paid back sooner or later, one way or the other. So, if other options are available, why take them in the first place? And the scholarships are obviously in a limited number. More over, not everyone can get a scholarship. For example, a student might be needy and interested in studying at college at the same time, but he might not be a good student after all, and thus, the scholarship providing bodies would not want to risk their money after someone who might not even graduate. (Petersons, 2003). More over, these scholarships might not cover the accommodation and other expenses of the students who might even be from other countries for sake of education. These and related expenses need to be paid for by the student one way or the other. These and many other financial problems of the students can be solved by working while studying at the college. This can help the student earn enough money to pay for the college tuition fee as well as other expenses like accommodation, everyday expenses like transportation and all. (Orszag, Whitemore, 2001) Working While in College. During the last two decades, the number of students working (part time or full time) while going to college has increased at an incredibly fast rate. The prime reason for such a behavior, as mentioned above is the increasing demand of college degrees. In addition to this, awareness among the students and increased inclination towards studies has played a major role as well. Also, with inflation increasing at a dramatic rate all around the world, most parent who could afford higher education for their children do not appear to do so any more and thus they expect their children to finance their education, fully or partly, by themselves. More over, not only the working students’ ratio has increased, but the number of students working full time during their full time student life has increased drastically as well. Working students can be roughly categorized as the full time students who are working (full time or part time) to finance their living and education, that is the students who see themselves first as students and then as employees, and the students who work full time and are studying side by side with their work as part time students, that is the students who see themselves first as employees and then as students.

The Effect one’s Gender and Personality has on their Ability to Identif

Discussion This investigation aimed to explore gender differences and personality differences in the ability to identify the emotion and gender of a face. The expected results were that the response times produced by females for facial emotion and gender identification would be faster than the response times produced my males. It was also expected that participants categorised as extroverts via the Necker cube would produce faster response times when identifying the emotion and gender of a face. Although the results from this experiment were not significant, they did resemble what was expected. Concerning the first hypothesis, overall females obtained faster response times than males when identifying the emotion of a face, which also supports the findings of Hoffman (2010). A possible explanation for why this difference occurred could be due to the different developmental changes in brain functioning that occurs in males and females, thus different neuronal systems may be used when processing f acial aspects (Everhaurt et al, 2001). That is; when an emotional face is viewed different neural structures are activated in males and females, resulting in different mediation of attention to the facial cues (McClure, 2004). The results from the current study therefore suggests that females may utilise systems that are more sensitive and more efficient at picking up cues where stimulus information is limited, than males (Hall & Matsmoto, 2004). Results obtained by males in the emotion identification task emphasises previously found results by Mantagne (2005) that males are less accurate at judging emotion in a face, especially sadness. On the other hand, Rahmen et al (2004) stated that although women were faster at identifying emotion, th... ...nder and/or personality can affect their ability to identify the gender or emotion of a face. The results obtained suggest that females and extroverts are able to identify facial aspects such as gender and emotion quicker than males and introverts. This may be because neurological and environmental factors influence their ability to efficiently access appropriate strategies to extract cues during processing of a face. The study produced findings that are consistent with previous research however to produce more confident conclusions for this investigation further experimentation with more sensitive measures are required. Future studies could explore physiological changes and neural mechanisms that occur during facial identification in order to provide a deeper insight into differences between categorical groups during facial emotion and gender processing.

Argumentative Against Death Penalty

Abolishment of Capital Punishment Capital punishment should be abolished for the following reasons. 1) It violates the Eight Amendment of the use of cruel and unusual punishment, for which the Supreme Court has vacillated. 2) It is a form of premeditated murder. 3) It promotes racism. 4) It can be administered to innocent individuals through tainted evidence. 5) The death penalty does not deter criminals from committing violent crimes. The death penalty is a form of cruel and unusual punishment that violates citizen’s Eighth Amendment which has forced the Supreme Court to step in and evaluate this form of punishment.The death penalty has not always been practiced in the United States; however, there have been about 13,000 people who have been legally executed since colonial times. In 1972, the Supreme Court effectively nullified the death penalty. However, in 1976 another Supreme Court found capital punishment to be Constitutional (White 1). One must wonder why they made this decision. In 2007 the court put executions across the country on hold for eight months while it examined whether lethal injection, the most common means of executing prisoners, violated the Eight Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment (Lacayo).How can they not see this form of punishment as cruel and unusual? Individuals are killed by electricity seeping through their bodies, or drugs that cause their organs to shut down one at a time. It’s difficult to unerstand what the government perceives as cruel and unusual punishment. Maybe to them this would mean lining individuals up and killing them at point blank range. What could be crueler than strapping individuals to a chair and sending electricity through their bodies essentially cooking their insides, or putting a lethal dose of drugs into their body that causes organ failure.The method of taking another human’s life is cruel no matter how it is achieved. This gives too much power to individuals in society. The death penalty is a form of premeditated murder. According to dictionary. com, murder is the killing or slaughter of an individual inhumanely or barbarously. What gives the state or normal everyday citizens the right to determine whether or not an individual lives or dies? This is essentially doing what the criminal did and justifying it by hiding behind the law. Murder is murder whether it is committed by the drug dealer on the street or y the executioner who administers the lethal dose of medication into the inmate’s veins. Some individuals feel that the death penalty gives way to racism and class oppression. African Americans and Latinos represent the majority of inmates on death row. Because of this, executions are exclusively for the poor. Ninety percent of those awaiting execution cannot afford to hire a competent trial attorney (â€Å"Reasons to Abolish Death Penalty,†). Too often those convicted are unable to afford a dream defense team and must set tle for court appointed attorneys.These attorneys are often overworked and underpaid. In many cases the appointed attorney has little at stake regardless of the outcome. The biggest problem with the use of the death penalty is that often innocent individuals are sentenced to this heinous form of punishment. There are a staggering number of cases where individuals have been wrongfully convicted. Over the past few years, there have been several stories of individuals who have been convicted of horrific crimes and been sentenced to death only to be freed years later by DNA evidence. Here is a prime example of one of those individuals.Earl Washington spent almost ten years on Virginia’s death row. He was exonerated by DNA evidence and pardoned by the governor. The same DNA test that cleared Earl, implicated a known serial rapist, yet law enforcement and prosecution continue to claim Earl guilty, apparently believing that Earl raped the victim leaving another man’s sperm. N ationwide over 100 condemned Americans have been exonerated since 1976 and walked off death row as free men (Ballard). Even though we have come a long way with DNA there will always be police officers who are pressured to solve cases too fast.Some may use whatever tools are necessary including planting evidence or falsifying documents to establish guilt. As with the case above most police officers, as well as district attorneys, do not want to admit when they are wrong, even if it spares the life of an innocent human. It is heard time and time again that capital punishment helps to deter similar crimes. Evidence does not support this claim. Representative Maxine Waters stated that she does not believe you deter the taking of lives by others by having a death penalty.She went on to say that in the final analysis it does not work fairly if there’s any such thing as being fair about killing people (â€Å"Reasons to Abolish Death Penalty†) Society tends to follow the trend s and mindset of those around them. They often feel that since the Supreme Court has upheld the death penalty, it does not violate the rights of those citizens who have been tried and convicted of crimes that warrant this type of punishment. They presume that justice is being carried out in accordance with the laws that the United States government has set forth.Then there are those who feel the death penalty is an appropriate means of punishing individuals who commit heinous crimes. Many people often refer to this biblical verse, â€Å"Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand and foot for foot† (King James Version, Exodus 20:28). Too often they feel that this gives them the right to take justice into their own hands. Some individuals feel as though criminals should die by execution if the crime fits the punishment. Talk show host Larry Elder stated that society has the right to judge who lives and who dies.He says â€Å"criminals have made the ultimate sin against societ y and society is making a moral statement about your conduct† (Ballard, 2003). People who support the death penalty laugh at the notion that they are promoting racism. Statistics about race indicate that 90% of crimes are committed against whites. The study also stated that African Americans committed 7. 5 times more violent than whites (Sheehan, 1995). The conclusion is drawn that they are not targeting race as a factor when handing out death penalties, they are punishing the perpetrator of the crime without taking the race of the individual into factor.The fact that innocent people are placed on death row has not deterred judges from handing down this punishment. Many do not discount the fact that several people have been placed on death row only to be exonerated. The justice system allows every individual convicted of a crime so many appeals before the sentence is carried out. To the supporters of the death penalty this allows those wrongfully convicted the opportunity to p roduce evidence that will exonerate themselves. Supporters of the death penalty feel as though this helps to deter other criminals from committing the same act.According to a dozen studies, execution saves lives. The study stated that for each inmate executed three to eighteen murders are prevented (Liptak, 2007). Two law professors from Harvard also agree that the evidence of deterrent effect from capital punishment seems impressive. They seem to agree that capital punishment will save lives. After examining the information available for both the supporters and the non-supporters of capital punishment, it is clearly evident that capital punishment should be abolished. This form of unishment is cruel and unusual. It also allows our peers to commit murder by standing behind the law, which is no different than the criminals that are being put to death. Too often this form of punishment is passed down to innocent individuals who spend years trying to clear their name, and often do not get the chance to do so. Furthermore, there is not enough evidence to support that the death penalty deters other criminals. After all, there are better ways that tax money could be spent on individuals who commit crimes against society.The question that the government needs to ask themselves is if this form of punishment is worth the cost of innocent life that comes with it. Works Cited â€Å"Another Reason to Abolish the Death Penalty. † Workers. com. 2009. 11 Mar. 2013. . Ballard, Scotty . www. findarticles. com. 2003. 11 Mar. 2013. . Lacayo, Richard . â€Å"The Tide Shifts Against the Death Penalty. † www. time. com. 3 Feb. 2009. 12 Mar. 2013. . Liptak, Adam . â€Å"Does Death Penalty Save Lives?A New Debate. † The New York Times. 18 Nov. 2007. 12 Mar. 2013. . Sheenan, Paul . â€Å"The Race War of Blacks Against Whites. † heretical. com. 20 May. 1995. 11 Mar. 2013. . The Holy Bible, King James Version. New York: Oxford Edition: 1769; King James Bible Online, 2008. http://www. kingjamesbibleonline. org/. White, Deborah . â€Å"Pros and Cons of Death Penalty and Capital Punishment. † About. com US Liberal Politics. 12 Mar. 2013. .

American Dream Essay

Another prop used to represent the truth is the flowers. This makes the ending of ‘Death of a Salesman’ effective because when Happy and Biff come home after leaving their dad alone in the restaurant they were meant to eat in but instead left with some girls, Happy comes home with some flowers for his mother, Linda. Linda knocks the flowers out of Happy’s hands out of anger. Linda starts to clean up the mess she has made then realises she has cleaned up enough of her sons messes â€Å"Pick up this stuff, I’m not you maid† Linda says. Then the stage direction says â€Å"Happy turns his back to her in refusal. Biff slowly moves over and gets down on his knees, picking up the flowers† which explains another failure of the ‘American Dream’. I think this proves the difference between the two brothers and how Biff kneels indicating that he can accept the truth and knows that he can’t achieve the ‘American Dream’ whereas Happy is more stubborn like Willy into believing the dream so Miller intends he is destined to go in the same direction as Willy, which is another failure of the ‘American Dream’. Another failure of the ‘American Dream’ is that Happy follows in his father’s footsteps after he knows what happened to him which led to his suicide which makes the ending of the play effective because this play about Willy could repeat it self but would be about Happy. Happy in a way is brainwashed into thinking that he can reach the ‘American Dream’ easily because Willy said you just need to be well-liked and masculine when he was younger. Happy is trapped in his own world creating the same tragedy which has already been lived by his father Willy Loman. It also makes the ending of the play effective because Happy still believes in this ‘dream’ when it might not even be real as he doesn’t know anyone who has achieved it. On a materialistic basis, Willy has worked all his life to realize the ‘American Dream’ but still fails to do that which makes the ending effective. Willy purchases some seeds for his garden and begins to plant them late at night which is another prop which represents the truth. I think Miller’s intention here was to show the audience that he is close to his suicide but realises that he needs to leave something real and living behind for his family to remember him by. We also know that Willy is close to his suicide because he is planting the seeds at the wrong time of the day, which again I think Miller’s target here was to give more clues to the audience that Willy was very serious about committing suicide soon. I also think that the seeds that Willy plants are symbolic in a way to another failure of the ‘American Dream’ because this was Willy’s desire to grow big and tall ironically just like the plant eventually would. At the end of the play Willy is talking to Ben while he is planting the seeds. He talks about how big his funeral will be before he is even dead making the end of the play effective because he’s dreaming about depressing things that will happen after his death for example what his funeral would be like. To be more specific how many people there would be from all over America. This is another failure of the ‘American Dream’ because Willy shows that he has definitely given up on this dream that he had talked about all his life implying that he is going to kill himself. He is selling himself off and valuing himself and he acts as if he is making a business deal with himself. He also talks about how much money Biff will get and that he will be in front of Bernard again in terms of money. Bernard was their neighbour who was a clever boy and went to the same school as Biff and Happy. But back then, in the past Willy influenced his sons to just concentrate on being popular so they could accomplish the ‘American Dream’ as soon as possible which is a failure of the ‘American Dream’ because there is a lack of personality from both Biff and Happy. The stage directions are another significance in the play to represent the failures of the ‘American Dream’. At the very end of the play it mentions that the hard towers of the apartment buildings rise into sharp focus. I think Miller illustrates that even though Willy has now gone forever and is dead, the things that Willy hated the most will still be there and the society will move on which is a failure to achieving the ‘American Dream’ because he has given up on himself and letting society win over him. In the video each time Willy went back into the past it was always set in the garden where it was bright. The contrast of colours between the clothes that were worn were the colours of the American flag. But in the past the colours were bright colours of red blue and white whereas in the present the clothes worn were more faded and dull colours. I think the costumes designer’s purpose here was to show the difference between the present and the past. I also think that the costume designer used bright colours in the past to illustrate that there was more hope for Biff and Happy to achieve the ‘American Dream’ back then. I believe that the audience might respond to the faded colours of clothes worn in the present meaning that the clothes were old, demonstrating that the family could not afford to buy new clothes and other luxuries and this reflects a failure of the ‘American Dream’ in the film. The ending of the play is effective because it’s a tragedy how Willy still believes in the ‘American Dream’ after all he has been through and all the lies he has made up to accomplish this dream. There are many failures of the ‘American Dream’ which makes the ending of ‘Death of a Salesman’ effective because all these failures are revealed at the end of the play. Overall I think that Arthur Miller makes ‘Death of a Salesman’ an effective ending in terms of presenting the failures of the ‘American Dream’ by revealing the truth at the end of the play. The ending of the play is appropriate because it unravels all the unknowns throughout the play explaining why things happened and reasons why Willy, Biff and Happy had failed the ‘American Dream’ .

Sri Aurobindo

Sri Aurobindo Free Online Research Papers Hindi biro ang dinaanan ng sangkatuhan bago makaabot sa kasalukuyang kalagayan. Dumaan tayo sa sarisaring pagsubok ng kalikasan para patunayan na tayo ang pinakadakilang nilikha sa sandaigdigan. Sa pagtatapos ng Ice Age (mga 2-3 milyong taon na ang nakalilipas), nagwakas ang buhay ng maraming dambuhalang hayop sa kasaysayan ng lupa na sya namang nagluwal sa pamamayani ng tao (Tarbuck at Lutgens, 2003: 143). Ang tao ang nanatiling matatag. Ang tao ang karapat-dapat maghari sa lahat ng nilalang. Sa pamamagitan ng kakayahan ng hayop o tao na makiayon sa mga pagbabago ng kanyang kapaligiran upang mabuhay at ang mahina o hindi makasabay ay namamatay, pinalad ang tao na magpatuloy mamuhay. Higit itong kilala sa tawag na natural selection. Ito ay ang palaging pwersang pumipilit na pabutihin ang kaantasan ng mga uri ng specie sa isang matatag na kapaligiran, upang bigyan lalo ng kalamangan ang specie (Bawler 2003: 170-172). Narito ngayon ang Bagong Tao o Modern Man mula sa mahabang ebolusyon ng Australopithecines, Pithecanthrophines at Neantherdals. 35,000 taon nang namamayani ang Makabagong tao (Brace, 1995). Ang wika ay nananahan sa kaliwang bahagi ng ating utak. Kasama ng wika ay ang pagiging analitikal, mula-sa-malaki-tungo-sa-maliit, pagkakasunod-sunod, pagiging makatwiran, tutok sa oras at pagpapaliban sa ginagawa (Hampden-Turner 1981, 86-89). Ngunit ang utak na ito ay dumaan sa mahabang proseso bago maging ganap na kaagapay ng tao sa pag-iral at pananatiling dominanteng nilalang sa ibabaw ng lupa. Pinaniniwalaan na may bahagi ng utak ng taong nananatiling primitibo. Ito ay ang reptilian at paleomammalian (limbic) brain. Pinaniniwalaang sa reptillian brain naka-program ang instinct ng pagiging tao samantalang sa paleomammalian brain naman nakahimlay ang sarap at hirap na karanasan. Ang mga ito ang naging hanguan-impukan ng buhay at karanasan ng ebolusyon ng tao. Mula sa paghahanap ng pagkain, pang-aakit at iba pang primitibong karanasan ay sinasabing dito nakasalig. Ngunit ang mga utak na ito ay hindi pa sapat ang kakayahan upang isatinig sa isip ang kanilang naiisip o nararamdaman. Hanggang sa tuluyang malinang ang neocortex (neomammalian) brain (ibid, 80-83). Dito na nagtagni ang karanasan at iniisip ng tao. Dito na nagsimulang lapatan ng tao ng pangalan ang mga karanasang pinagdaraanan (tignan ang larawan). Ang Ebolusyon ng Utak ng Tao Ang ebolusyon ng utak ng tao batay sa aklat na Maps of the Mind (Charts and Concepts of the Mind and Its Labyrinths) ni Charles Hampden-Turner p. 81 Bagamat pinaniniwalaan na nasa kaliwang bahagi ng utak ng tao ang wika, hindi maikakaila na sangkot pa rin ang buong utak sa pagproseso ng impormasyon, mula sa pagdama at pagpapadala ng mensahe sa utak, proseso ng impormasyon at pagbubo ng konsepto dito (Pavek 1988, 113-114). Ang Paghahati sa Utak ng Tao Ang pinapalagay na paghahati sa utak ng tao at ang gampanin ng bawat panig batay sa aklat na Maps of the Mind (Charts and Concepts of the Mind and Its Labyrinths) ni Charles Hampden-Turner p. 87 Maaring sa simula, ang apoy ay isang mapang-akit na liwanag sa mga sinaunang tao. At sa kanilang paglapit ay may kakaiba silang naramdaman hatid ng pagbabago ng temperatura. At para sa reptillian brain: apoy=liwanag=init. Samantalang sa paleommalian brain ay: apoy=liwanag=init=ginhawa/hirap dulot ng apoy. At nang malinang nang husto ang neommalian brain ay apoy=liwanag=init=ginhawa/hirap dulot ng apoy=manipulasyon o kontrol ng apoy. Kung ganoon, ang apoy ay hindi lamang isang penomena ng kalikasan ngunit naging bahagi ng pang-araw-araw na karanasan ng tao. At ang salitang ‘apoy’ ay hindi lamang sagisag ng sumasagisag at sinasagisag (signified at signifier) ngunit bumabalot sa apoy ang isanlibo’t isang konsepto hatid ng indibidwal, etniko at pambansang karanasan. Gaya ng mga sumusunod na salita at parirala na kaugnay ng apoy (bilang penomena ng pagliliyab ng mga kemikal o elemento na makikita sa liwanag, dingas at init): Dinilaan ng apoy- nasimulang magliyab Naglaro ng apoy- pakikiapid o pangangalunya Apoy ng impyerno- kaparusahan Apoy sa dibdib- galit Inaapoy ng lagnat- mataas na lagnat Pinanday sa apoy- humusay Inaapuyan-sulsol Maging ang kasabihang â€Å"Ang kahoy na babad man sa tubig, pag nadarang sa apoy, pilit magririkit.† Na nangangahulugang ang taong kahit anong bait o timpi ay nahuhulog din kapag sa tukso naipit. Napakahalaga ng papel ng wika upang maglarawan ito ng naging karanasan ng tao sa kanyang pagiging nilalang. Ipinakikita lamang nito ang drama ng kanyang pakikihamok sa iba’t ibang pwersang bayolohikal, pisikal at etikal. Kung susumahin, ang kasaysayan ng pag-unlad ng tao ay hindi maiaalis sa pagbakas sa pag-unlad ng kanyang utak at wika. †¦ (ang wika) ay tanging bahagi ng kabuuang bayolohikal ng ating utak. Masalimuot at espesyalisadong kasanayan ang wika na nalilinang nang ganoon†¦ dahil dito, ilang cognitive psychologist ang naglarawan sa wika bilang isang sikolohikal na sangkap, isang mental na organ, isang sistemang neural, at isang kagamitan sa pagsusuma (Pinker 1994: 18). Patunay lamang na ginagamit ng tao ang wika sa pagtuos nya sa mga penomena na nangyayari sa kanyang paligid. Patunay rin na kinatawan ng wika ang karanasan ng utak at katawan ng sangkatauhan. Karanasan at Wika: Indibidwal, Etniko at Pambansang Paglalarawan Tinalakay ni John Searle, 1995 (Kay Gripaldo, 2000) ang dalawang uri ng karanasan: ang unang panauhan at ang ikatlong panauhan. Sa una, ang karanasang ontolohikal, ang kasangkot ay sumailalim o sumasailalim. Sya ang tagaganap o biktima ng karanasan. Sa ikatlong panauhang karanasang ontolohikal, pinapalitan ng indibidwal ang pananaw ng nagmamasid. Sa una, mapapansin ang laging gamit ng ‘ako’/‘ko’ (indibidwal) o ‘tayo’/‘natin’ (pampangkatan) ng nagmamasid sa paglalahad ng karanasan. Ito ay tinatawag na karanasang penomenolohikal. Sa ikatlo, ang ‘sya/nya’ o ‘sila’/‘nila’ ay madalas na gamitin. Ito ang tinatawag na karanasang empirikal. Mas mabigat ang ‘ako’/’ko’ kesa sa ‘tayo’/’natin’ dahil posibleng hindi nararanasan ng lahat ang nararanasan ng naglalahad. Gayundin ang ikatlong ontolohikal na karanasan ay higit na kapani-paniwala kesa sa pampangkatang unang panauhang ontolohikal na karanasan. At ang ikatlong karanasan ay ang ikalawang panauhang karanasan. Madalas marinig dito ang ‘ikaw’ at ‘mo.’ Ang mga uri ng ontolohikal na karanasang ito ay nag-uugnay-ugnay, nagkakawing-kawing at nagsasalimbayang penomena upang maglantad ng karanasan ng indibidwal, ng isang pangkat-etniko tungo sa pambansang karanasan. Ang pahayag ng isang indibidwal na â€Å"Masakit ang tyan ko!† na bagamat eksklusibo lamang sa nagsasalita ang karanasan, hindi maaring hindi magawang makaugnay ng sinumang nakaririnig dahil marahil isa itong unibersal na karanasan. Gayundin ang â€Å"Tag-ulan na, kawawa na naman ang Pampanga sa lahar!† na bagamat sa Gitnang Luzon lamang ito nagaganap, nagagawa pa rin ng mga tagapagsalita na makaugnay dahil na sa naging bahagi na ng bokabularyong Filipino ang salitang ‘lahar’. Idagdag pa ang pagbaha ng mga larawan, balita at kontrobersiya na bumalot sa nasabing kalamidad. Ang pahayag na †Nawiwili sya sa telenobela† na bagamat isang empirikal ay masasabing mahirap na itakwil na reyalidad na pambansang karanasan. Walang pribadong wika o ang wika ay publiko (Wittgenstein, 1921) at walang karanasang eksklusibo lamang sa indibidwal. Kung kayat ang bawat karanasan ay nagtutulak sa tao na humanap ng salitang ipanlalapat dito. Kasing kahulugan ito na ang salitang ipinanlalapat ng tao sa isang penomena o karanasan ay nagaganap o nararanasan ng lahat na nabibilang sa isang pangkat o bansa. Posibleng ibuod ngayon na ang karanasan ng isa ay hindi pwedeng hindi kabahagi ng kamalayan ng isang grupo ng tao o bansa. Tama lamang pala si Chomsky nang sabihin nya na ang wika ay karanasan lamang. Ngunit ang bawat salita ay hindi lamang salita. Ang wika ay bunsod ng mahabang ebolusyong pakikipagsapalaran ng tao. Ang pagkakabuo ng salita ay bunga ng simbolikong konsepto ay kailangang lagyan ng simbolikong tinig (Saussure 1959). Sa pagkakalapat ng tao ng salita sa konsepto, nasasaisip nya ang pilosopikal na katangian, tungkulin at naging tuwirang karanasan nya dito. Kaya sa tuwing gagamitin nya ang salitang ito upang kumatawan sa mental na representasyon ginagamit nya ang karanasan ng isang organisadong grupo ng tao na namumuhay tulad nya na may ganoon ding karanasan. May kakayahahan ang taong kumalap ng karunungan at gamitin ito sa bawat pakikipag-ugnayang panlipunan (Joseph 2004: 3). Sa ganitong konteksto, mahihiwatigan natin na napakahalaga ng wika upang pagbuklurin ang mga mamamayan at napagbubuklod ng wika ang mga mamamayan dahil ang wikang kanilang ginagamit ay kumakatawan sa kanilang magkakatulad na paraan ng pamumuhay, paniniwala, gawain o hanapbuhay, saloobin mas angkop sabihin na karanasan. Nakikilala ng indibidwal ang kanyang sarili sa pamamagitan ng kanyang pakikipag-ugnayan at pakikipamuhay sa iisang pamayanan. Nalalaman nya ang kaibahan at pagkakatulad nya sa kanyang mga kasama. Alam nya na sya’y matanda na kung bata ang kanyang nakakausap, alam nya kung babae sya kapag nakakausap sya ng lalake, alam nyang mangingisda sya kung nakakausap nya ang kapwa mangingisda, alam nyang kabilang sya sa isang grupo ng mga tao kung nakakausap nya ang iba pang grupo ng mga tao. Ito rin ang paniniwala sa aklat na †The Language Instinct ( How The Mind Creates Language):† Ang komon na wika ay nag-uugnay sa mga kasapi ng isang pamayanan sa isang ugnayang pagbabahaginan ng impormasyon na may nakamamanghang kolektibong kapangyarihan. Sinuman ay maaring makinabang mula sa kanilang henyo, swerteng aksidente, at karunungan sa pagsubok-pagkabigo na naipon ng sinuman, kasalukyan o lumipas. At ang mga mamamayan ay maaring gumawa ng pangkatan, ang kanilang pagsusumikap ay pinag-uugnay ng kanilang napagkasunduan (Pinker 1994: 16). Sa pakikipag-usap ng tao sa kanyang kapwa, wika ang nagiging daluyan ng mensahe. Ngunit hindi sapat ang kaalaman lamang sa balarila o istruktura ng wikang sangkot sa komunikasyon upang lubusang makuha ang mensahe. May mga kaisipan na hindi naririnig o nababasa ngunit nakasulat na sa isip ng mga nagsasalita o nakikinig dahil naiintidihan nila ang meta-mensahe. Bunga ito ng lubusang pagkaunawa ng nakikinig at nagsasalita sa likaw ng wika at komon na karanasang nagbubuklod sa nag-uusap. Halimbawa ay ang dalawang nag-uusap sa cellularphone: A: Nasaan ka na? Kanina pa ko dito. B: Nandyan na ako. A: Gaano pa katagal? B: Basta, dyan ka lang. Kung gramatika lang ang pagbabatayan, sinumang mag-aaral ng wika ay magsasabi na wasto ang serye ng usapan. Ngunit walang lohika. Hinahanap ni A si B. Pero sa sagot ni B kung nasaan na ito, makakakapa natin na imposibleng mangyari ang sinasabi ni B sa tanong ni A. Dahil kung nandoon na si B, sana ay hindi na maghahanap si A o magpapahintay pa si B kay A. Pero dahil sa gagap nina A at B ang likaw ng wika, nagkakaunawaan na ang dalawa. Na paparating na si B at maghintay dapat si A. Nilalarawan ng wika ang lipunan (mas dapat sigurong sabihing inaalingawngaw). Ang punto ay hindi lamang sa ipanakikita ng diin, talasalitaan at pangkalahatang istilo ng pagsasalita ng isang indibidwal, ngunit maging sa katayuan nito sa lipunan. Ang mga linggwistikong anyo, ang kanilang baryasyon at pagbabago ay nagsasabi rin sa atin tungkol sa kalidad ng kanilang kaugnayang panlipunan sa isang tiyak na kultura o kumpol ng mga kultura (Burke at Porter, eds: 1987, 11). Sa halimbawang usapan sa itaas, lubos na magkakilala sina A at B dahil hindi maglalakas loob si B kay A na paghintayin ito at papaniwalain ni B si A na sya’y malapit na sa lugar ng kanilang tagpuan. Gusto rin naman paalalahanan ni A si B na matagal na itong naghihintay. Kung ganoon, naiintindan ng isa’t isa ang mga pre-eksistidong kundisyon at relasyon kung kayat nagagawa nilang bitawan ang mga gayong pananalita. Nagtiwala ang isa’t isa na makukuha ang mensahe kahit sa ganoong uri ng usapan. Upang makarating ang impormasyon sa isip ng isang tagapakinig sa makatwirang sandali, maaari lamang maitipa ng tagapagsalita ang kapiraso ng mensahe sa mga salita at dapat umasa sa tagapakinig na punan ang iba pa (Pinker 1994: 81). Ito ang mentalese na tinutukoy ni Pinker sa aklat nyang †The Language Instinct (How The Mind Creates Language) :† Ang mentaleses ay ang haypotetkal na †wika ng pag-iisip† o representasyon ng mga konsepto at mga proposisyon sa utak na kung saan nakahimlay ang mga ideya, kabilang ang mga kahulugan ng mga salita at pangungusap. Binabanggit nya na kumpara sa anumang wika, mas mayaman at mas simple sa ibang paraan ang mentalese. At ang pagkatuto ng wika, kung ganoon, ay ang pag-alam kung paano isasalin ang mentalese sa hibla ng mga salita at ang kabaligtaran nito. Wikang Filipino: Wika ng Karanasan ng Bansa Ipinaliwanag ni Constantino (kina Peregrino et al, eds. 2002: 49-52) na ang pagkakaroon ng bokabularyong kumon, maging pagkakahawig kung hindi man magkakapareho sa mga wika sa Pilipinas ay magpapatunay na dumaan ang wikang Filipino sa isang mahabang proseso upang ganap na kumatawan sa karanasan nating lahat. Ang Filipino, bilang Pambasang Lingua Franca ay isang manipestasyon na kinakatawan nito ang mga wika sa Pilipinas. Mahigpit na kabuhol ng buhay ang wika sa karanasan ng tao na parang napakahirap isiping mangyari ang buhay na wala nito (Pinker 1994: 17). Kung kayat masasabing ang laman ng isip na isinawika ng bawat Filipino ay nagbabadya ito ng manipestasyon ng karanasan ng isang indibidwal na tatagos sa kamalayan at karanasan ng bansa. Ang salitang iyon ay hindi lamang kanya, kundi ay wika ng bayan. Ang karanasan nyang iyon ay hindi rin lang kanya, kundi, karanasan ng sambayanan. Ang bawat kaisipang Pilipino, kulturang Pilipino at lipunang Pilipino ay bunga ng karanasang Pilipino. Ang salitang F/Pilipino ay tampok na pang-uri sa mga larangang kaisipan, kultura at lipunan. Mahalaga ang salitang Pilipino bilang pang-uri sa ating bansa at pagiging lahi (Covar kay Salazar 2004: 37). Identidad at Wika: Indibidwal, Etniko at Pambansang Kalakasan Upang mapadali sa tao ang mabuhay laban sa iba’t ibang pwersang pangkapligiran, minabuti nyang makisama sa kanyang mga kauri. Magbuklod-buklod ang may magkakatulad na hilig, nais at paraan ng pamumuhay. Nalinang ang isang komon na wika na nagbubuklod sa kanila. Ngunit sa kabila ng kanyang pakikipamuhay sa piling ng karamihan na halos katulad nya sa maraming aspekto, may nanatili sa indibidwal na tanging sya at sya lang ang nagmamay-ari: ang kanyang identidad. Ang indibidwal ay nagtataglay ng nilikha nyang reyalidad upang gamiting panukat sa sarili at sa labas ng kanyang reyalidad. Ito ang ginagamit nya upang maabot at umabot sa reyalidad at karanasan ng iba. Sa ganitong konteksto, ang indibidwal ay lumilikha ng kanyang identidad na sya nyang batayan sa pagmamalas sa sarili at sa iba. Tatlong uri ng identidad (Joseph 2004: 6). 1. isa para sa tunay na tao at isa para sa likhang tauhan 2. isa para sa sarili at para sa iba 3. isa para sa mga indibidwal at isa para sa mga grupo Nakikilala ng indibidwal ang kanyang sarili sa pamamagitan ng pagkilala ng iba. Nalalaman ng isang tao ang kaibahan nya kung may nakikita syang iba. Nababakas ng tao ang papel nya sa isang pangkat, grupo o etnolinggwistikong grupo kung nakikihalubilo o umiiwas sya dito. Kung kaya sa bawat pagkakataon, ang isang indibidwal ay may nakahandang identidad depende sa pagkakataon at lokasyon. Gaya ng tinutukoy ni Joseph na tatlong uri ng identidad, ang Filipino bilang mamayan ng bansa, kabilang sa etnolinggwistikong pangkat at indibidwal ay nagtataglay ng mga identidad. Tinalakay ni Constantino (kina Peregrino et al, eds. 2002: 57) na ang mismong interaksyong nagaganap sa hanay ng mga nagsasalita (bagamat posibleng may baryasyon) ay isang anyo ng pagpapakilala sa kanyang katayuan sa lipunan na maaring indikasyon ng pakikiisa, pakikilahok, pakikipalagayang-loob, pakikisama o pananaig/pagiging iba nito. Patunay na ang wika ng isang indibidwal ay wika ng kanyang identidad. Gayundin maituturing ang pagsasalita ng isang pangkat-etniko sa kanyang katutubong wika, ipinakikilala lamang ng grupong ito kung sino sila sa lipunan o identidad bilang pangkat-etniko. At gayundin naman tayong mga Filipino sa pagsasalita ng Filipino o ng mga katutubong wika sa Pilipinas, isang repleksyon ng ating identidad bilang isang bansa. Sa pangungusap na, †Ako si Juan, Bulakenyo, isang Filipino† ay nagpapakilala sa tatlong paraan: 1. Ang kanyang sarili bilang isang indibidwal, lumikha sya ng isang tunay na tao na umiiral na may identidad at ito ang nilikha nya upang makilala ng ibang tao. Kung ganoon, ang isang indibidwal ay malay na sa kanyang sarili kung paano sya gustong malasin ng kanyang sarili gayundin ng ibang tao. Sya bilang ’Juan’ ay produkto ng paglikha nya ng identidad. Sya ang lumikha ng idetidad na ’Juan.’ 2. Ang kanyang pagkakakilala sa sarili at ang pagkakakilala sa kanya ng iba, ay ang pangmalas ng indibidwal sa kanyang sarili kung paano nya gustong makilala at ipakilala. Sa puntong ito, malay ang indibidwal sa kanyang identidad na pagkakasipat mula sa labas ng kanyang uniberso. Ito ang pagkakakilala nya kay ’Juan’ na kabilang sa isang etnolinggwistikong grupo o mamamayan ng isang bansa. 3. Para sa ibang tao o grupo ng mga tao na posibleng hindi nakakakilala sa kanya ay lumilikha rin ng identidad si Juan na isang Bulakenyo, na isang Filipino. Walang pagtutol na ang bawat isa sa atin ay lumilikha ng kani-kanyang identidad o pagkakakilanlan. At ang identidad ay lubusan pang naipakikilala sa pamamagitan ng wika. Kung ang bawat etnolinggwistikong pangkat ay may kani-kanyang paraan ng pagsasalita kung paano ipinakikilala ang sarili, o grupong kinabibilangan, kasingkahulugan ito na ang bawat pangkat etniko ay lumilikha ng natatanging identidad kung paano sya gustong malasin o makilala ng iba pang pangkat o indibidwal. Ito ang pagkukuwento natin ng kasaysayan ng ating lahi. Na tayo’y binubuo ng mga pangkat etiniko na may natatanging kani-kanyang wika at identidad ngunit bumubuo pa rin sa iisang bansa. Ang unang palagay, na ang ating pagkakakilanlan/identidad, panggrupo man o pang-indibidwal ay hindi ‘likas na katotohanan’ tungkol sa atin, ngunit mga bagay na ating nililikha- likha o kwento kung tutuusin (Jospeh 2004: 6). Kayat natural na kahit saang sulok man ng daigdig, na nagtitipon-tipon ang mga Filipino sa iisang komunidad at nagtatag ng samahan tulad ng †Filipino Community† ay totooong totoo pa rin ang penomena ng pagsasama-sama ng mga etnolinggwistikong pangkat tulad ng Filipino Waray Associations in Honolulu, Cabalens of Italy, El Caviteno of Germany at iba pa. Hindi dapat ito ituring na kahinaan, bagkus ay kalakasan pa dahil ipinakikita lamang nito ang likas na pagkauhaw ng mga Filipino sa pinagmulang ugat at pagpapakita at pagmamalaki ng identidad. Ang wika ay nakagagawang magpalaki ng grupo nang hindi nasasayang ang oras para maghanap ng pagkain o ang pagbubuklod-panlipunan ng mga tao na kinakailangang upang tapatan ang anumang uri ng kahirapan. Dahil maaring masabi ang mensahe sa iba’t ibang tao nang minsanan na lang, mapapablis natin ang galaw para maayos ang iba†¦ sa kabilang banda, ang wika ay napapakinabangn ng indibidwal upang makahanap ng kakampi o kasama (ibid: 27) . Mabisang pantuhog ang Wikang Filipino upang bigkisin ang identidad ng mga mamamayan sa loob man at sa labas ng bansa dahil kung nagkakasama ang mga Filipino sa iisang lugar sa kabila na sila’y nabibilang sa iba’t ibang etnolinggwistikong pangkat, sinasalita na nila ang lingua franca na magbubuhol at mag-uugnay sa lahat. Ang Wikang Filipino. At dahil dito, nananatiling buhay, masigla at matatag ang identidad ng mga Filipino sa loob at labas man ng bansa dahil sa mayamang kultura na syang kabuhol ng wika. Tinalakay ni Zeus Salazar (2004: 65-70) ang kahalagahan ng matatag at buhay na kultura’t wika ng bawat etnolinggwistikong grupo sa Pilipinas dahil isa itong mabuting tanggulan ng pananaig ng isang maghaharing grupo. Sa Pilpinas ay walang masasabing sentro ng kultura sapagkat ang sentro ng kultura ay nagbuhat sa mga pamayanang kultural na syang batis ng pambansang kultura. Ang pambansang kultura ay binubuo, sa kasalukuyan, ng iba’t ibang daloy at batis mula sa iba’t ibang pamayanan, kasama na rin dito ang mga elementong kultural na buhat sa kanyagang pamayanan (ibid 43). Karanasan at Identidad: Sagwan at Lunday sa Maalong Panahon Hindi nakapagtataka na magawang lampasan ng mga Filipino ang iba’t ibang krisis ng ating panahon. Survivor daw ang mga Filipino. Mas angkop sigurong sabihing survivalist. Mababakas ito sa ating kasabihan. 1. Papunta ka pa lang, pauwi na ako. pagpapaalala ng mga matatanda sa kanilang dinaan na kasalukuyan nating nararanasan 2. Marami ka pang bigas na kakainin.- marami pa tayong dapat maranasan 3. May gatas ka pa sa labi.- hindi pa husto ang wisyo o bata pa 4. Kalabaw lang ang tumatanda.- hindi pagsuko ng matatanda o di pagpapagapi sa katandaan 5. May asim pa.- pagpapakita ng positibong saloobin na pwede pang mapansin 6. Kung saan ka nadapa, doon ka bumangon- indikasyon na harapin ang pinagmulan ng problema at mula sa kinasadlakan, doon ay muling magsimula 7. Kung nakakakain ang pito, makakain ang walo- pagkakamada ng mapagkukunang yaman upang makatulong sa iba sa pamamagitan ng pagpaparaya 8. Pag maliit ang kumot, matutong mamaluktot- pinagkakasya, pinagtityagaan kung ano lang ang meron Ilan pang indikasyon ng desperadong hangarin ng mga Filipinong mabuhay at manatiling lumalaban ay ang tulad ng: higpit ng sinturon, kapit sa patalim, kayod-marino, trabahong kalabaw, pasang-krus at marami pang iba. Makikita sa mga halimbawa kung anong uri ng mga mamamayan ang mga Filipino, matiisin, mapagpasensya, matulungin at iba pang mga katangian na minsan ay tila nanghihikayat sa pang-aabuso, pang-aapi o panlulupig. Ngunit, batay sa ating karanasan, mahaba ang pasensya ng mga Filipino ngunit natututo tayo sa karanasan. Lumalaban kung kinakailangan at magtanda. Gaya ng mga kasabihang, †lintek lang ang walang ganti, may araw ka rin, maghahalo ang balat sa tinalupan, magtago ka na sa pinanggalingan mo, gyera patani, isama mo pa ang lelong mong panot†. At dahil sa impluwensya ng mass madia, naging bahagi na rin ng kasabihang Filipino ang †hindi ka na sisikatan ng araw, isang bala ka lang, bukas tatakpan ka ng dyaryo.† Ang mga halimbawa sa itaas ay patunay na buo ang identidad ng mga Filipino bilang isang bansang kapwa mahinahon sa pagkagalit, matiisin ngunit masamang sinasagad sa galit. Ito marahil ang namamayaning ideolohiya ng mga Filipino. Kung kayat ang paglaya sa mga Kastila at Amerikano ay hindi madali ngunit naging makulay ang pagkakahiwalay, na dalawampung taon ng diktadurya at batas militar ang kinakailangan upang pumalag ang mga Filipino, at panggigigil ng mga Filipino nang hindi payagan ng labing-isang senador na hindi buksan ang sobre na may kinalaman sa Jose Villarde account bago pa tuluyang lumabas ng bahay at pumunta sa lansangan upang ipahayag ang pagkadismaya. Kayat tama si Fairclough (2001) nang sabihin nya na ang wika ay syang tagapagdala at nagsasalehitimo ng ideolohiya. Masasalamin sa Wikang Filipino ang identidad at karanasang dinaan ng ating kasaysayan. †¦ iginigiit ng maraming eksperto sa kasaysayan, sosyolohiya at politika na ang pag-iral ng pambansang wika ay ang pangunahing batayan na kung saan ang pambansang ideolohiya ay binuo†¦ may iba naman na mas binigyang-diin na ang pambansang wika ay hindi talaga likas, ngunit nilikha ng mga mamamayan bilang bahagi ng tungkuling ideolohikal sa pagbubuo ng bansa (Joseph 2004: 94). Ang Karanasan at Identidad ng mga Filipino sa pagiging Multi-lingual Isa sa nilutas ng wikang Filipino ay ang pagiging eksklusibo ng wikang pambansa sa mga Tagalog. Pinatunayan na ng maraming literatura, pag-aaral at pananaliksik na malaking bulto ng mga salita sa Pilipinas ay halos magkakatunog, magkakahawig sa anyo at may iisang kahulugan. Gayundin, kung maluwag ang pagtanggap ng Filipino sa mga hiram na salita, ano pa kaya sa mga katutubong wika sa Pilipinas? Sa katunayan, maaari pa ngang magamit ang mga katutubong salita sa Pilipinas bilang hanguan ng panapat o salin sa mga salita o konsepto na wala sa Tagalog. Nandyan ang gahum, tarong, lawas, danum at iba pa. Dahil mababang lugar o patag ang Rehiyong Tagalog, hindi nakakaranas ito ng ‘fog’ kung kayat walang salitang panumbas ang mga Tagalog sa fog. Hindi kasi ito bahagi ng karanasan ng mga Tagalog. Ngunit meron nito ang ibang etnolinggwistikong grupo na nakararanas ng nasabing penomenong fog. May ‘lina-a’w ang mga Ilokano. Pero kahit walang ‘fog’ sa Tagalog at may ‘lina-aw’ sa mga Ilokano, nagiging karanasan pa rin ng buong bansa ang karanasan ng mga Ilokano. Tumatagos sa buong bansa ang pakbet, buro, kanin, danggit, inasal, tapuy, amok at lambanog. Tumatagos ang kultura, identidad at karanasan ng bawat etnolinggwistikong grupo sa buong bansa maging sa maraming parte ng daigdig dahil sa pananalita ng wika at kultura ng mga grupong ito. Samantala, may isang pambansang lingua franca na Filipino na napagbuklod ang mga grupong ito upang makabuo ng isang pambansang karanasan at identidad. Mismong sa klasipikasyon ng karaniwang reyalidad ay magkakaugnay ang mga grupong etnolinggwistikong Pilipino ibig sabihin, sa daigdig ng mga konsepto at ideya, malalim ang pagkakaugnay ng mga Pilipino sa loob ng Kalinangang Bayan (Salazar 2004: 68). Konklusyon Matagal nang tapos ang usapin ng pagiging maka-Tagalog lamang ang Filipino. Matagal na ring tapos ang usapin na walang kakayahan ang wikang Filipino na kumatawan sa iba’t ibang karanasan, identidad at kakanyahan ng bawat etnolinggwistikong grupo sa Pilipinas. Sa paggiging multi-linggwal na bansa ng Pilipinas pinaghati-hati sa mga isla at tubig, ang mga katutubong wika sa Pilipinas ay mainam na hanguan ng inspirasyon at repleksyon ng kakayahan ng mga Filipinong manatiling nakatayo at matatag sa kabila ng hindi birong hamon ng kasaysayan. Kailangan ng Cebuano ang Tosino’t longganisa ng Kapampangan, kailangan ng Hiligaynon ang pagka-oragon ng Bicol sa pamamagitan ng sili at gata nito, kailangan ng Tagalog ang pakbet ng Ilokano sa loob man at sa labas ng bansa, sa kabila ng pagkakaroon ng iba’t ibang katutubong wika, may isang pambansang lingua franca na magtatagni at mag-uugnay ng magkakatulad na karanasan at identidad ang Wikang Filipino. Sanggunian: Bawler, Peter J. 2003. Evolution, The History of an Idea. Third edition. Penguin. London. Burke, Peter at Porter, Roy. 1987. The Social History of Language. Cambridge University Press. N.Y., USA. Gripaldo, Rolando. 2000. Filipino Philosohpy (Traditional Approach, Part 1, Section 1)De La Salle University Press. Maynila, Pilipinas. Hampden-Turner, Charles. 1981. Maps of the Mind (Charts and Concepts of the Mind and its Labyrinths). Collier Books, Mitchell Beazley Publishers, London, UK. Jospeh, John E. 2004. Language and Identity (National, Ethnic, Religious) Palgrave Mc Millan. N.Y., USA. Loring Brace,C.1995). 1995. The Stages of Human Evolution, Fifth Edition. Mc Millan. London, UK. Peregrino, Jovy M. Et al eds. 2002. Minanga: Mga Babasahin sa Varayti at Varyasyon ng Filipino. Sentro ng Wikang Filipino. Sistemang Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, Lunsod ng Quezon, Pilipinas. Pinker, Steven.1994. The Languge Instinct (How The Mind Creates Language)William Morow and Company. NY, USA. Pvek, Gary V. 1988. A Guide to the Mind. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, Praeger Publishers, NY, USA. Salazar, Zeus ed. 2004. Sikolohiyang Panlipunan-at-Kalinangan: Panimulang Pagbabalalangkas ng Isang Larangan. Palimbagan ng Lahi. Lunsod ng Quezon, Piliinas. Tarbuck, Lutgens. 2003. Earth Science, tenth edition. Mc Millan. London, UK. Research Papers on Sri AurobindoThe Fifth HorsemanMind TravelThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Hockey GameInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Spring and Autumn

Government Accountability Office Suggests Improvements to Regional VA Claims Processing

Government Accountability Office Suggests Improvements to Regional VA Claims Processing Government Accountability Office Suggests Improvements to Regional VA Claims Processing Each year, the Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) processes more than one million compensation claims, which provide $65 billion in benefits. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) suggested recommendations to improve the processing performance. The GAOs full report appears here.About the ReportThe report examines how the VBA manages workload performance, how the VBA reports timeliness and accuracy and how well offices communicate with each other. For this report, the GAO reviewed procedures, visited regional offices and interviewed staff. GAO also interviewed caseworkers regarding communications.The FindingsGAO found gaps in VBA guidance regarding when processors should fix errors by other offices or return claims for correction, noting timeliness and accuracy measures do not adequately capture performance. Officials acknowledge measures are limited, and say they are exploring alternatives. However, VBA has no specific timeframe to implement new measures.Recommendations for Improvement Clarify how representatives should handle claims when they identify an error, including when to defer claims and when to correct errors on their own Develop and implement a new regional office performance measure that allows it to better assess each regional offices timeliness over a period of time Develop and implement a new regional office performance measure that allows it to better measure the accuracy of each regional offices performance Evaluate policies for regional office communications with VSOs to ensure it is clear, aligns with practices and meets the communication needs of VSOs Develop and implement a feedback mechanism from congressional caseworkers on their communications with regional offices regarding claimsWe Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive co uld impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the Social Security Disability and Veterans Disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or cognitive impairment; call Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s experienced disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Government Accountability Office, Michigan Veterans Benefit Lawyer, Veterans Benefits

Armistice Day Quotes

Armistice Day Quotes Armistice Day or Remembrance Day is a day to honor the service of military personnel during the First World War. On November 11, 1918, the Allied Forces and Germany signed the armistice agreement for the cessation of war. After the Second World War, November 11 is celebrated as Armistice or Remembrance Day in the British Commonwealth of Nations and as Veterans Day in the US. In the US, Armistice Day was renamed to Veterans Day in 1954, at the end of the Korean War. It was instituted to honor all war veterans, living and martyred. On this day, military personnel and their families enjoy special treats, discounts, and perks from military and non-military establishments. Today, Armistice Day is a national holiday in Commonwealth Nations, and countries outside the Commonwealth such as France, Germany, and Belgium. Government s recognize the contribution of war veterans, who displayed courage and patriotism in the face of danger. Soldiers are honored with medals, certificates, and prizes. Grand parades, marching bands, and other military ceremonies mark the holiday, building the spirit of patriotism and brotherhood. General Omar N. Bradley Armistice Day is a constant reminder that we won a war and lost a peace. Blaise Pascal We must kill them in war, just because they live beyond the river. If they lived on this side, we would be called murderers. Chris Taylor, Platoon I think now, looking back, we did not fight the enemy; we fought ourselves. The enemy was in us. The war is over for me now, but it will always be there, the rest of my days. Kurt Vonnegut, Breakfast of Champions Armistice Day has become Veterans Day. Armistice Day was sacred. Veterans Day is not. So I will throw Veterans Day over my shoulder. Armistice Day I will keep. I dont want to throw away any sacred things. General William Tecumseh Sherman I confess without shame that I am tired and sick of war. Its glory is all moonshine. It is only those who have neither heard the shrieks and groans of the wounded, who cry aloud for more blood, more vengeance, more desolation. War is Hell. Francis Marion Crawford They fell, but oer their glorious grave Floats free the banner of the cause they died to save. Will Rogers We cant all be heroes because someone has to sit on the curb and clap as they go by. James A. Hetley She mourned with a bleak blank determination, marching straight ahead with a shell-shocked vets hollow-eyed thousand-yard stare while doing the next thing and the next. Joseph Campbell As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to utter words, but to live by them. Elmer Davis This nation will remain the land of the free only so long as it is the home of the brave. Thomas Dunn English But the freedom that they fought for, and the country grand they wrought for, Is their monument to-day, and for aye. Jimmy Carter War may sometimes be a necessary evil. But no matter how necessary, it is always an evil, never a good. We will not learn how to live together in peace by killing each other’s children. Gen. Jack D. Ripper, Dr. Strangelove War is too important to be left to politicians. They have neither the time, the training, nor the inclination for strategic thought. Carol Lynn Pearson Heroes take journeys, confront dragons, and discover the treasure of their true selves.

The pathology of multiple sclerosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The pathology of multiple sclerosis - Essay Example In short, the bodies of the patients under the attack of MS will face multiple problems originating from the less control of brain over the nerve system. When human brain face difficulty to co-ordinate its functions and control over the nerve system, the patient will be forced to face a number of problems. For instance, the patient may feel that his or her sensitivity is lost. Olek (2007, p.28) states that, â€Å"Impairment of facial sensation, subjective or objective, is a relatively common finding in MS†. Besides, the patient may feel acute pain while trying to move from one place to another. On the other side, the patient is exposed to emotional problems originating from physical problems related to MS. In addition, fatigue, muscle spasms, etc are other symptoms related to this disease in general. To be specific, there is no accurate treatment for this disease. Still, there as so many modes of treatment or therapies, claiming partial recovery. For instance, methylprednisolone is used during the attack of MS, but the same does not prove as an effective medication for long-term recovery. Besides, most of the treatment modes prove to have side-effects in general. So, alternative treatment modes are popular among the patients who face MS. The main researches based upon MS include the ways to tackle this disease with effective medical treatment without severe side-effects. Some researchers try to combine more than one medicine to tackle this disease. On the other side, the development in the field of stem cell therapy is filling the minds of the MS patients with hope. So, future may prove the efficiency of scientific research by helping the patients to be free from

The Use of Isotopes in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Use of Isotopes in Medicine - Essay Example These are the radioactive and stable isotopes. Bodamer and Halliday (2001, p. 444) define radioactive isotopes as those whose nucleus is unstable. Because of this, radioactive isotopes have a tendency for spontaneous decomposition, a reaction which involves the release of radiation. During the decomposition of a radioactive isotope, a helium nucleus is released, a process which leads to the stabilization of the isotope. On the other hand, a stable isotope does not have a tendency for spontaneous decomposition and as a result, these isotopes resist various forms of chemical alterations. Radioactive have been used widely used in medicine as agents of diagnostic processes. This essay gives a critical analysis ad discussion of the various uses or applications of isotopes in the field of medicine. Many chemical elements contain isotopes. Radioisotopes are often products of artificial combination of protons and neutrons. Artificial production of radioisotopes often employs protons and neut rons which do not exist in nature (Ruth, 2009, p. 536). There are a total of 1800 radioisotopes including those which arise from the decay of thorium and uranium in their primordial states. There are a variety of ways in which radioisotopes can be produced or manufactured artificially. These include neutron activation which is the commonest way of producing radioisotopes. This is done within a nuclear reactor. In addition, some radioisotopes are produced within a cyclotron in which deficiency of neutrons within a nucleus is achieved through artificial introduction of protons (Bodamer and Halliday (2001, p. 445). The artificial manufacture of radioisotopes is aimed at meeting their application in medicine. The radioisotopes used in medicine are known as radiopharmaceuticals. The following section describes three major applications of radioisotopes in medicines with the justification on why specific radioisotopes are used in the management of various medical processes. The disadvantag es associate with the use of isotopes is also provided later in the essay. According to Ruth (2009, p. 537), isotopes are used in nuclear medicine to provide diagnostic information which is used by physicians to diagnose various medical conditions. This is achieved through the imaging of organs such as bones, thyroid gland, liver and heart to determine their functioning. Prvulovich and Bomanji (1998, p. 1140) demonstrates 90% of the application of isotopes in medicine if for diagnostic procedures. Technetium-99 is the most commonly used radioisotope for medical diagnosis. Ramamoorthy and Binukumar (2010, p. 46) say that technetium-99 is used widely as a radioactive tracer. This isotope is commonly used because it is detectable within the body through the use of specialized medical equipment such as gamma cameras. Technetium-99 is releases gamma rays and this explains why gamma cameras are able to detect it within the body. More importantly, technetium-99 is relatively safer in diagn osis as compared to other isotopes. This is due to the fact that it its physical and biological half-life is short. As a result, it decays within 24 hours of exposure to the body. This provides sufficient time for the quick detection of chemical equipment while it keeps the exposure of the patient to the radiation as low as possible (Bodamer and Halliday (2001, p. 446). This demonstrates why this isotope is commonly applied in medical diagnosis. Prvulovich and Bomanji (1998, p. 1143) explain that isotopes are also commonly used in therapy.

The History of Socially Desirable Female Body Types Essay

The History of Socially Desirable Female Body Types - Essay Example Personally, my fixation is for those round ones. They not only resemble the full luminescent moon but overdrive the imagination with pictures of the full frame all its glory. Poets swooned. Cleopatra is reputed to have had the most attractive face - one that launched a thousand ships of war! The desire to be thin is widespread among women. Many starve themselves almost to death in the quest for the thin, graceful frame. However, I am of the view that majority of my fellow males will agree that there is something divine about the layers of flesh and soft skin and their contour that make the female extraordinarily fabulous. (Ximena A Ramirez). To me, the peach and cream skin or the golden color is the most arresting. Not to say that the colored or black fare any worse. Given the right proportion and features, they could be equally magnetizing. Thanks to the herbals, the cosmetics, the Fair and Lovely creams and lotions, they all look scintillating in the light. The female figure has been the object of famous artists, sculptors and architects. The female bust may consist of flesh, blood, muscles and glands. But the rounded shape, the graceful ebb and flow of her movements, create their own impact and envy. Since ancient times, the form of women have been embellished and preserved through art and dances. (Kapila Vatsyayan). Year after year, prized beauties vie for beauty crowns that are there for the best combination of beauty and brains. The present day wonder, Jennifer Lopez's anatomical assets are insured in cool millions! (Stephen Wilson). Conclusion Movie makers and advertisers rake in millions by depicting female silhouettes in countless poses, outfits, angles, coverings, hiding something here and there, and arousing emotions and imaginations. The males may be stronger and more muscular. But in aesthetics and grace, the female body wins the prize, hands down! Sources: Kapila Vatsyayan, A Holistic Eye On Cultural Interface and Synergy, Across the Himalayan Gap, http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41014.htm. Natural Complexion & Body Bars, Alpine Naturals, http://www.alpinenaturals.com/complexionbars.html. Stephen Wilson, Excerpts from Information Arts: Intersections of Art, Science, and Technology, San Francisco State University, http://userwww.sfsu.edu/swilson/papers/wilson.body.infoarts.html. Ximena A Ramirez, Thin is In, An Analysis of Media Endorsed Ideals of Physical Attractiveness and Their Affects on College-Aged Women, A Senior Honor's Thesis, Department of Communication, Boston College, May 2007, http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/communication/meta-elements/pdf/thesis07.ramirez.pdf. Pictures: Complexion, Warm & Fuzzy, http://www.istockphoto.com/imageindex/432/0/432062. Figures, Rock Painting of Female Figures, http://www.srilanka.fr/imagebank/sigiriya/pages/Rock%20Painting%20of%20Female%20Figures.htm. The first crush, Demi Moore, IMDB, The Internet Movie Database, http://www.imdb.com/media/rm4085684224/nm0000193.

Catcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Catcher in the Rye - Essay Example They keep themselves hidden in order to attain their wants or in order to be benefitted in every situation. One of the reasons why Holden calls Pency Prep phony is the advertisement in various magazines as stated in the passage above and their steak for dinner every Saturday that when parents come on Sunday they will ask their children what they had for dinner and they would answer steak, when in fact their steak is a hard slab piece of meat that nobody wants to eat (Saliner19). One of Holden’s struggles in life is the death of his younger brother Allie. His brother Allie, who He loved dearly died due to leukemia. Holden described him as the nicest person he knew, who never gets mad regardless of the fact that he had red hair which is known to be related to bad temper. He also described him as the most intelligent in their family, fifty times more intelligent than he was. Holden cannot cope with the lost of his younger brother due to leukemia that is why his life seems like a mess. He had been to four schools before and faces expulsion due to having failing marks in four out of his five subjects without worrying about them. Game, my ass. Some game. If you get on the side where all the hot-shots are, then its a game, all right--Ill admit that. But if you get on the other side, where there arent any hot-shots, then whats a game about it? Nothing. No game (Salinger 5). The above passage expressed by Mr. Spencer to Holden during their talk before Holden left Pency. Life is a game where you have to follow the rules; you have to follow the norms and the laws. In order for you to succeed you have to go mainstream, face the things and problems that life brings you because it will make you a better person in the process. You have to fight your way, exert your best effort and struggle hard to win. If you stop fighting and just stand in one corner, doing nothing, life will eat you

Lab 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lab 10 - Essay Example Craven’s overall approach in regard to the global warming is most uncertain and not totally acceptable. The causes of the global climate change are different as some believers say it is caused by humans while skeptics believe it to be the natural changes considering the sun mostly. If the climate change is due to sun, it would result in major global depression as we cannot bring about the desired changes in nature (sun) thus incurring global depression. But if it is caused due to humans then it is liable to take desired actions to combat the issue. The reason for not accepting the overall argument provided by Craven is on the mere fact that the causes of global climate changes are still unclear. Once the cause of the climate change is determined, it would be easy to take the respective action that is when the Craven’s approach would make a lot more sense. The main action that probably can be taken to overcome the changes caused due to sun would be to adapt new ways of survival; it might not seem to be logical to take action against sun. But considering the climate change due to humans can be overcome by taking the desired action. The idea behind Craven’s view however lies mainly in spreading a word to every human being to take certain action to combat global climate changes only if it’s caused by humans. Science is uncertain by its nature; it is the responsibility of every human being to take certain preventive measures by bringing about minor changes in their living habits. It would take a very long time for the scientists to conclude about the cause and prevention of the climate changes by then the situation might turn out to be worst. Hence, it is better to allow the scientists perform their calculations and we humans work simultaneously without considering the scientific conclusions to certain extent. The debate whether the cause of global climate change is

Catcher in the Rye Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Catcher in the Rye - Essay Example They keep themselves hidden in order to attain their wants or in order to be benefitted in every situation. One of the reasons why Holden calls Pency Prep phony is the advertisement in various magazines as stated in the passage above and their steak for dinner every Saturday that when parents come on Sunday they will ask their children what they had for dinner and they would answer steak, when in fact their steak is a hard slab piece of meat that nobody wants to eat (Saliner19). One of Holden’s struggles in life is the death of his younger brother Allie. His brother Allie, who He loved dearly died due to leukemia. Holden described him as the nicest person he knew, who never gets mad regardless of the fact that he had red hair which is known to be related to bad temper. He also described him as the most intelligent in their family, fifty times more intelligent than he was. Holden cannot cope with the lost of his younger brother due to leukemia that is why his life seems like a mess. He had been to four schools before and faces expulsion due to having failing marks in four out of his five subjects without worrying about them. Game, my ass. Some game. If you get on the side where all the hot-shots are, then its a game, all right--Ill admit that. But if you get on the other side, where there arent any hot-shots, then whats a game about it? Nothing. No game (Salinger 5). The above passage expressed by Mr. Spencer to Holden during their talk before Holden left Pency. Life is a game where you have to follow the rules; you have to follow the norms and the laws. In order for you to succeed you have to go mainstream, face the things and problems that life brings you because it will make you a better person in the process. You have to fight your way, exert your best effort and struggle hard to win. If you stop fighting and just stand in one corner, doing nothing, life will eat you

Philosophy-Great Works of Western Philosophy Essay

Philosophy-Great Works of Western Philosophy - Essay Example Euthyphro features a logical argumentation on the notion of piety between Socrates and Euthyphro, a self-proclaimed religious expert. The situation of the dialogue is based on Euthyphro’s ensuing prosecution of his own father for the charge of murder. The argumentation in the Euthyphro is largely based on the topic’s ‘definition by division’ in order to come to a mutual understanding as well as a more distinct definition of piety. Euthyphro’s notion of piety is derived from his certain knowledge of the gods - what they love and what they don’t. Throughout the dialogue, Socrates positions himself as the ignorant student of Euthyphro eager to understand the profound meaning of piety. At the beginning of the dialogue, Socrates criticizes Euthyphro’s definition of piety claiming that piety is what is pleasing to the gods. The difference between piousness and impiousness as argued by Euthyphro claims that This argument is not free of ambiguity. Difference of opinions among the gods on the same things can create a situation under which the same things would be both pious and impious, which is a logically impossible condition. What is characteristically unique about the dialogue of Plato’s Euthyphro is that Socrates uses the technique of analogy in order to explain the definitions made by Euthyphro. The analogies are used by Socrates in his effort to make himself clear while questioning Euthyphro with regard to the doubts about Euthyphro’s definitions of piety. Above all, Socrates, by means of the expounding argumentation, wishes to come to a universally true answer about the definition of piety. The definition of piety, in order to be considered universally true, logically requires to include the essence of the term. As mentioned earlier, Socrates rejects Euthyphro’s religious definition of piety arguing that disputes among the gods on the piousness and

Dadas Contribution to Contemporary Art Essay Example for Free

Dadas Contribution to Contemporary Art Essay This research paper supports my belief that Dada had a far reaching effect on art of the 21st century so much so that contemporary art as we know it could not have come into existence without Dada. Dada Zurich was the catalyst for many other centres of the nihilistic movement. Tristan Tzara was the major force behind the Zurich Dada where he and Francis Picabia produced 8 issues of Dada magazines in both French and German between the years 1917 to 1921. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) Upon the end of the war Switzerlands importance as a neutral refuge educed, resulting in Richard Huelsenbeck, leaving for Berlin while Picabia went to Paris, and when Tzara followed him in 1920 thus ending the Zurich phase of Dada. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) Richard Huelsenbeck was the founding member of Dada Berlin which included members such as; Johannes Baader, George Grosz, Raoul Hausmann, Helmut Herzfelde and Hanna Hoch. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) Dada Berlin was known to be satirical and highly political with targets more and precisely defined than any other Dada movement. Dada Berlin utilized periodicals, including Club Dada and Der Dada, which employed the use of photomontage and typography. The Cologne Dada group was formed in 1918 by Jean Arp and Max Ernst and was known to be less political and more focused on being anti-aesthetic. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) Max Ernst was known for his satirical collage techniques using popular printed material, depicting the weirdly erotic. (Dada The Anti-War Art Movement) In May 1920 Dada Cologne hosted one of the first Dada exhibitions. Held in the courtyard of a public house accessed through a mens bathroom the exhibition was soon closed down by the authorities due to suspected pornographic content but later reopened. IAN CHILVERS Dada) Dada Hannover was formed in 1919 after Kurt Schwitters applied to join the Berlin dadaists but was refused because of his unpolitical attitude. Schwitters possessed a unique dedication to Dada ideas, leading to the production of artwork constructed using urban refuse and found objects (objets trouves). This had a major influence on later movements like Junk Art, Assemblage and Arte Povera. (Dada Anti -Art Movement) Not limited to Europe, the Dada movement also had a New York Centre. Formed by Marcel Duchamp, renowned for reproducing the Mona Lisa with a beard and moustache and signing a urinal proclaiming it to be a fountain, along with Man Ray, a well sought after fashion and portrait photographer, renowned for his photograph Le Violin d`Ingres. (Justin Wolf’s Dada) Dada Paris, which was known for its theatrical and multi-cultural activities, came about when, many of its early founders, such as Jean Arp, Marcel Duchamp, Max Ernst, Man Ray, Francis Picabia and Tristan Tzara went to Paris, where they met with a number of french poets including Louis Aragon and Andre Breton. Dada Paris was later dissolved when Breton, unable to deal with Tzara’s and Picabia’s nihilistic mentality, left to start a new movement. This marked the birth of Surrealism. (Dada Anti-Art Movement) According to Dieter Wanczura, â€Å"Surrealism emphasizes the unconscious, the importance of dreams, and the psychological aspect in arts and became an important movement in the fine arts, literature and in films. † Unlike Dada, Surrealisms emphasis was not on negation but on positive expression. It has a sense of playfulness and impulsiveness that brings fantasy and mystery into art pieces. The most fascinating aspect is that there are so many questions and ideas that surround Surrealism making it a hugely inspiring modern art/contemporary art movement. (Surrealism ; Surrealist artists) Contemporary artist today, challenge, oppression, authority and control that spans economic, social and political concepts. More importantly, contemporary art frequently touches on deep emotional issues that trouble our society. The Dada organization challenged the status quo of society and what is viewed as art making it easier for more artists’ work to be viewed as art because they no longer need to conform to any particular standards or values of society. Due to the Surrealist movement, society has been exposed to the concept that art can be anything the artist visualizes or feels inside. This can sometimes seem odd to the public who does not see its values and heroic stature, resulting in art not being noticed and appreciated by collectors, galleries and museums but judged as a masterpiece by people who share the artist feelings and thoughts.

Gingko Biloba and Hypericum Peforatum Uses

Gingko Biloba and Hypericum Peforatum Uses 1.0 Gingko biloba Ginkgo biloba is an herb extracted from the leaves of the tree. It has been traditionally used for improvement of blood flow (vasodilation), protection of cells from oxidative damage (antioxidation) and enhancement of memory and concentration. The herb is known to induce CYP450 enzymes such as CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP2B, changing the metabolism of several drugs.2 Hence, concomitant intake of some drugs with Ginkgo may give rise to herb-drug interactions which can cause serious adverse effect. 1.1 Antiepileptic drugs A recent pharmacogenetic study with 18 volunteers revealed significant inductive effect of CYP2C19 by Ginkgo. Omeprazole which has CYP2C9 activity was used as a substrate. The results demonstrated that Ginkgo decreased the AUC of omeprazole by a significant amount. Besides, the plasma concentrations of omeprazole and its metabolite were reduced by almost 30% when compared to controls. From the results obtained, it might be deduced that Ginkgo reduces serum concentrations of antiepileptic drugs which are substrates of CYP2C19 like phenytoin, phenobarbital and diazepam.3 Ginkgo might also induce CYP2B activity. According to study by Kubota et al 2004, Ginkgo was shown to reduce the hypnotic potency of phenobarbital (50 mg/kg) in rats. The maximum plasma concentration and AUC of phenobarbital were reduced by 40% and 20%, respectively. These might be due to induction of CYP2B activity by Ginkgo since phenobarbital is a substrate for CYP2B in rats, leading to the possible herb-drug interaction.3 Study also shows that Ginkgo contains a potent neurotoxin, which is a vitamin B6 derivative. It is also known as Ginkgotoxin or 4-O-methopridoxine.2, 3 The neurotoxin is said to be responsible for the seizure activity. It is a competitive antagonist of pyridoxil phosphate which is a coenzyme of the glutamate decarboxylase. Inhibition of this coenzyme inhibits the GABA synthesis. This interaction might hence diminish the effect of antiepileptic drugs. 1.2 Anticoagulants medication One of the concerns associated with Ginkgo is the increase risk of bleeding. Several cases have been reported when taking Ginkgo and anticoagulant drugs like aspirin and warfarin simultaneously. The proposed mechanism of bleeding caused by Ginkgo is via the action of ginkgolide B. According to Smith et al. 1996, Ginkgolide B is a component of Ginkgo which acts as a platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist. It is reported to displace PAF from its receptor- binding site, thus inhibiting PAF and results in reduced platelet aggregation and eventually bleeding. Nevertheless, some clinical studies have shown that Ginkgo does not decrease PAF-mediated platelet aggregation as well as prothrombin times.4 Warfarin is metabolised by CYP2C9 enzymes. An in vitro study by Gaudineau et al. 2004 stated that Ginkgo inhibits CYP450 enzymes, mainly CYP2C9. Hence, it is possible that this inhibition might lead to increase in warfarin levels and subsequently greater anticoagulant action. However, there are some contradicting studies which reported that Ginkgo induces rather than inhibits hepatic CYP, including (S)-warfarin hydroxylase. It is also reported that bilobalide found in terpene trilactone fraction of Ginkgo is responsible for the induction. This will thus reduce the efficacy of anticoagulants rather than enhancing the anticoagulant action.4 It remains unclear whether Ginkgolide B increase bleeding and whether Ginkgo potentiates or decreases the anticoagulant effect of warfarin in vivo. Nevertheless, it is recommended that for patients on warfarin or other anticoagulants therapy to not take ginkgo-containing products due to a possible risk of serious bleeding. 2.0 Hypericum Peforatum (St. John’s Wort) St. Johns Wort preparations may interact with medicines either by increasing the rate of their metabolism or increasing levels of neurotransmitters. 2.1 Drugs metabolized by CYP-450 St. John’s Wort interferes with metabolism of drugs by inducing some CYP450 enzymes in the liver and gut. For instance, the main enzyme affected is CYP3A4, as well as 1A2 and 2C9. This results in decrease in blood levels and efficacy of some drug metabolised by CYP450 enzyme. The principle behind the induction might be due to presence of hyperforin, which is a component of St. John’s Wort. A study by Moore et al. has shown that hyperforin activates a CYP3A4 regulator transcription. This activation thus induces CYP3A4 expression in human liver cells, thus increase the metabolic rate of drugs and subsequently decrease in therapeutic level. It can be deduced that St. John’s Wort inhibits CYP3A4 acutely and induces this enzyme upon repeated administration based on a systematic review.5 An example of this herb-drug interaction is St. John’s Wort and antiretroviral drugs such as protease inhibitors (PI) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI). St. John’s Wort has been shown to decrease plasma concentrations of the drugs by CYP3A4 induction. The effects may also be due to induction of P-glycoprotein. For instance, there was a significant reduction in concentrations of indinavir when taken concurrently with St. John’s Wort in an open-label study.5 This will lead to loss of viral control or development of virus resistance. 2.2 Antidepressants medication St. Johns Wort also increases the neurotransmitter levels in the brain particularly serotonin through additive effect on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants such as fluoxetine and paroxetine. These interactions may lead to mental state changes, sweating, increased blood pressure and motor effects due to increase in serotonin level. Studies have demonstrated that St Johns Wort inhibits the synaptosomal uptake of certain neurotransmitters. It inhibits the uptake of 5-HT, noradrenaline, dopamine, glutamate and GABA. This action is not related to specific binding of the St. John’s Wort to the different transporter molecules, but associated with mechanisms related to Na+ conductive pathways.6 It is found that chronic administration of St. John’s Wort downregulates ÃŽ ²1-adrenoceptors and upregulates postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Nevertheless, the study shows St. John Wort’s upregulates 5-HT2 receptors unlike other antidepressants.6 References xxxx Kupiec T, Raj V. Fatal Seizures Due to Potential Herb-Drug Interactions with Ginkgo Biloba. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 2005 Oct; 29:755-58 Landmark CJ, Patsalos PN. Interactions between antiepileptic drugs and herbal medicines. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plant. Med. Aromaticas 2008; 7(2):109-18 Takia Y, Yokotania K, Yamadab S, Shinozukac K, Kubotad Y, Watanabed Y, Umegakia K. Ginkgo biloba extract attenuates warfarin-mediated anticoagulation through induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by bilobalide in mice. Phytomedicine 2012 Jan 15; 19(2):177-82 Hammerness P, Basch E, Ulbricht C, Barrette EP, Foppa I, Basch S, Bent S, Boon H, Ernst E. St. John’s Wort: A Systematic Review of Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions for the Consultation Psychiatrist. Psychosomatics 2003 July- Aug; 44(4):271-82 Carloa GD, Borrellia F, Izzoa AA, Ernst E. Is St Johns wort a ‘Prozac-like’ herbal antidepressant? Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2001Nov 1; 22(11):559

Defining Lolita: the Novel and the Name Essay -- Essays Papers

Defining Lolita: the Novel and the Name In his essay, "On a Novel Entitled Lolita," Vladimir Nabokov tries to answer the age-old question, "What is the objective of the novel?" He quickly replies, "...I happen to be the kind of author who in starting to work on a book has no other purpose than to get rid of that book..." (311). There is more to his response than this, however. He goes on to say that his book was not written to celebrate pornography or pedophilia, nor was it written to promote Anti-Americanism (313 - 315). What's the purpose of his novel then? Well, Nabokov writes, "For me a work of fiction exists only insofar as it affords me what I shall bluntly call aesthetic bliss, that is a sense of being somehow, somewhere, connected with other states of being where art (curiosity, tenderness, kindness, ecstasy) is the norm" (314 - 315). He sees his novel in simple terms: art. Whether it be the novel Lolita or the name Lolita, a sexual meaning has been given to the word Lolita, and this is largely due to the str ong sexual overtones used by the novel's main character Humbert to describe his character of obsession Lolita; thus resulting in different and confusing interpretations of the novel and the author's intentions. In his essay, "On a Novel Entitled Lolita," Vladimir Nabokov tries to answer the age-old question, "What is the objective of the novel?" He quickly replies, "...I happen to be the kind of author who in starting to work on a book has no other purpose than to get rid of that book..." (311). There is more to his response than this, however. He goes on to say that his book was not written to celebrate pornography or pedophilia, nor was it written to promote Anti-Americanism (313 - 315). What's the... ... purpose behind the book, even though it is not the purpose the writer intended. This is the less common interpretation of the novel, as is apparent by the modern definition of the name Lolita. Because Humbert Humbert defines Lolita in such a sexually explicit way, her name has become a symbol of sex and seduction; this resulted in the widely misunderstood purpose of the novel. Humbert Humbert explained it the best when before his death he wrote: Thus, neither of us is alive when the reader opens this book...and one wanted H.H. to exist at least a couple of months longer, so as to have him make you live in the minds of later generations. I am thinking of aurochs and angels, the secret of durable pigments, prophetic sonnets, the refuge of art...(309). Leave it up to the main character of Lolita to sum up Nabokov's purpose for writing the novel. Defining Lolita: the Novel and the Name Essay -- Essays Papers Defining Lolita: the Novel and the Name In his essay, "On a Novel Entitled Lolita," Vladimir Nabokov tries to answer the age-old question, "What is the objective of the novel?" He quickly replies, "...I happen to be the kind of author who in starting to work on a book has no other purpose than to get rid of that book..." (311). There is more to his response than this, however. He goes on to say that his book was not written to celebrate pornography or pedophilia, nor was it written to promote Anti-Americanism (313 - 315). What's the purpose of his novel then? Well, Nabokov writes, "For me a work of fiction exists only insofar as it affords me what I shall bluntly call aesthetic bliss, that is a sense of being somehow, somewhere, connected with other states of being where art (curiosity, tenderness, kindness, ecstasy) is the norm" (314 - 315). He sees his novel in simple terms: art. Whether it be the novel Lolita or the name Lolita, a sexual meaning has been given to the word Lolita, and this is largely due to the str ong sexual overtones used by the novel's main character Humbert to describe his character of obsession Lolita; thus resulting in different and confusing interpretations of the novel and the author's intentions. In his essay, "On a Novel Entitled Lolita," Vladimir Nabokov tries to answer the age-old question, "What is the objective of the novel?" He quickly replies, "...I happen to be the kind of author who in starting to work on a book has no other purpose than to get rid of that book..." (311). There is more to his response than this, however. He goes on to say that his book was not written to celebrate pornography or pedophilia, nor was it written to promote Anti-Americanism (313 - 315). What's the... ... purpose behind the book, even though it is not the purpose the writer intended. This is the less common interpretation of the novel, as is apparent by the modern definition of the name Lolita. Because Humbert Humbert defines Lolita in such a sexually explicit way, her name has become a symbol of sex and seduction; this resulted in the widely misunderstood purpose of the novel. Humbert Humbert explained it the best when before his death he wrote: Thus, neither of us is alive when the reader opens this book...and one wanted H.H. to exist at least a couple of months longer, so as to have him make you live in the minds of later generations. I am thinking of aurochs and angels, the secret of durable pigments, prophetic sonnets, the refuge of art...(309). Leave it up to the main character of Lolita to sum up Nabokov's purpose for writing the novel.

Anne Of Green Gables †Essay Essay

Anne Of Green Gables is a work of children’s literature written by Lucy Maud Montgomery and was first published in 1908. The social and cultural understanding of children depicted during the period in which this novel is set differs greatly from the understandings and expectations of children in today’s society. In the novel Anne Of Green Gables, children are depicted as more of a possession to be moulded by their families, children were expected to act ‘respectably’ and ‘sensibly’ even from an early age and to listen to and show respect to their elders, which differs from today’s society where children are allowed to play and any inappropriate behaviour can be chalked up to ‘kids being kids’. There are still some similarities to today’s cultural understanding of children and those displayed in the book. For example, in Anne Of Green Gables the importance of schooling and education is one of the key elements and this is also recognised in today’s society as being a vital aspect of a child’s upbringing. Another difference in cultural understanding is the aspect of a child’s part in the family, particularly orphans. In the time the novel is set, orphans are down cast and regarded virtually as ‘slaves’. However, not only orphans played different roles in the family, all children were expected to do more housework and contribute more constructively to the running of a household than what is expected in today’s society. Anne Of Green Gables also shows the slightly sexist stereotypes of male and female roles in the family and the behaviour expected of both of them. This essay explores all of the above points, and provides commentary from both a literary and historical point of view. Within the work of children’s literature Anne Of Green Gables the importance of a child’s schooling is clearly evident. This is first seen when Marilla Cuthbert, not even having ‘officially’ adopted Anne Shirley yet merely placing her on ‘trial’ decides to send her to school. Even though Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert have not yet adopted Anne, she still sees fit to give her even some education. Renaissance humanist, Desiderius Erasmus â€Å"placed considerable emphasis on an early education, directly attacking those who ‘out of a false spirit of tenderness and compassion allow children to be pampered by their dear mothers and spoiled by their nurses†(Cunningham, 43). This train of thought is carried throughout to today’s society but in a slightly different fashion. Emphasis is still placed on a good early education through pre-school and other such programs in order to give children the earliest possible learning possibilities. The importance of a child attending school can also be seen on a social level. Anne, after having arrived on Prince Edward Island, has little or no friends and is socially unaware of what is acceptable and what is not. This could be due mainly to her tragic upbringing after the death of her parents. However, after attending school she is exposed to a new level of social etiquette she has not been exposed to in her past. This leads to her creating a â€Å"bosom friend† in Diana Barry. The novel also endeavours to show us the importance of doing well in schooling and that â€Å"although school and the outside world differ from each other, they belong together†(Quigly, 45). Anne is tied for the top of her class and as a result gains acceptance with a once sceptical and at times harsh community, especially in regards to Miss Rachel Lynde who was outraged when Marilla told her of her decision to adopt an orphan. We also see the pride Marilla has for Anne, although this can not be contributed entirely to her schooling endeavours. We can see that this plays a large part especially when she passes the entrance exam to Queen’s College. The way children were treated and expectations placed upon them in Anne Of Green Gables also differ from today’s society, children were seen as more of a possession to â€Å"be moulded like wax whilst its soft†(Cunningham, 43). From an early age children were expected to act respectfully and sensibly and it was expected that they would contribute constructively to the up keeping of the household showing the treatment of â€Å"children to be autocratic†(Hendrick, 1). The novel also shows us the difference between orphan children and non-orphan children, we are shown the down-cast class status orphans have within the community and Ms Lynde portrays this perfectly telling Marilla stories of orphans murdering their adoptive parents showing the naivety and willingness to believe that a child brought up with no parents had not been ‘moulded’, and therefore was dangerous. This coupled with the influence Miss Lynde has on Marilla causes Marilla to come to the decision to put Anne on trial but â€Å"when Anne is first made aware that she came to Green Gables by mistake, she knows that she is, in a sense, on trial and may not remain there. She decides not to go outdoors because that will only increase her love for the place and cause her to miss it all the more if she must leave.† (Sullivan). This shows how quickly people will judge especially when influenced by others. This influence is made more apparent as Anne is just a child and the consideration of what is best for her is not really considered. We see Anne as a dreamer when we are first introduced to her she escapes into her own fantasy’s through books and escapes the torment of her past and what she believes her terrible future by making friend with her reflection in the glass, â€Å"the image in which Anne may find refuge from the wounds of fragmentation, and postpone her inevitable confrontation with her alienated representation† (Slater). However, it is not until she is introduced to other children that we see the true extent her isolation has had on her social behaviour. She has little understanding of social behaviour and etiquette and how to handle challenging social situations. For example, loosing her temper when Gilbert Blythe is rude to her or when Miss Lynde insults her and Anne explodes at her. These examples show that Anne’s lack of social exposure has lead her to be unable to handle tough social circumstances and can not control her temper. Seeing Anne transform from childhood to adulthood is a perfect example of how children can be moulded by their families. Through Marilla’s actions and influence Anne is moulded into the lady she becomes. Throughout the novel we can see aspects of Marilla’s personality and behaviours mirrored in Anne. Anne goes from being naive and short tempered to becoming a strong minded, learned girl much like Marilla, in addition to this Anne chooses her friends much like Marilla who has a close group of female friend â€Å"Anne chooses kinship in a similar arbitrary and heterogeneous fashion†(Marcuse,164) showing that even small parts of a child’s surrounding can have both profound and subtle effects on the child’s personality. We can see through how Anne is moulded by Marilla that â€Å"the way childhood was spent was crucial in determining the kind of adult that the child would become† (Cunningham, 41) and this is proven by the end of the novel when Anne decides to stay in Avonlea with Marilla and teach rather than go to college. Anne Of Green Gables also shows the rather sexist beliefs of the time. This can be seen constantly by Marilla and Anne staying home cooking, cleaning, sewing, scrubbing the floors and Marilla telling Anne on numerous occasions to ‘make sure Matthew’s dinner is ready and served on time’. This shows the contrast between the roles expected of women and men, it was the men’s task to work the fields and perform any manual labour needed and the task of the women to ensure a clean house and dinner for the man. However, we can also see some contrast to this idea in the fact that femineity and masculinity have a very fine line in this book, in the case of Anne and Marilla at any rate, we can see that Anne and Marilla show many traits of Masculinity that are displayed in the novel they are both extremely strong willed and whilst Marilla seems submissive at times ignoring her feelings in order to maintain her friends Anne will speak her mind and thinks before acting, she is very strong willed. We can see this contrasted with the Barry’s beliefs, Diana Barry is not allowed to attend special after classes for students wishing to attend Queen’s. We can assume that this would be due to the typical belief that women should care for their husbands and Diana would be trained as a housewife instead, this shows that â€Å"major differences thus exist between children according to were they live their social class gender and ethnicity† (Gittins, 36). The Barry’s decision is in direct contrast to that of Marilla’s. Marilla encourages Anne to attend special classes and wants the best life and education for her. Marilla is not married, and believes that a girl should know how to fend for herself. Such beliefs wouldn’t be common during those times. Anne Of Green Gables shows us the contrast between modern beliefs and beliefs during the period the novel is set in. We see particularly strong differences in the way female and male roles are portrayed, and in addition to this the roles depicted in the novel have a sexist connotation about them that would not be seen in today’s culture. We also see the difference in class culture and the expectation of orphans and the stereotype they are labelled with. Anne Of Green Gables highlights this fact and reminds us that no matter what a child’s background, it is their eventual upbringing and early education that will determine their future, the surrounding and environment a child is exposed to will determine the eventual outcome of a child’s personality and decisions no matter how obvious or subtle these influences may be, a major part of this surrounding is the exposure to education and schooling and it is because of this point the book manages to effectively highlight the importance of schooling not just on an educational level but also on a social one and the effects it can have on a child’s personality and beliefs. The belief that schooling is a vital part of a child’s upbringing are still held in today’s society and although Anne Of Green Gables was written over a century ago, the messages contained within still hold value in today’s society.