When Is Humanitarian Intervention Justified free essay sample

When is Humanitarian Intervention Justified? â€Å"The system is murdering us, a significant number of the resistance contenders are turning out to be lawbreakers and the world is watching it like a film† (The Economist, 2013). This is an announcement by a Syrian understudy whose slant has gotten normal among Syrians. As indicated by the UN, since March eighteenth 2011, the date that denoted the start of the Syrian uprising, 70,000 Syrians, for the most part regular people, have passed on, however the loss of life is probably going to be significantly higher (in the same place. ). The contention between supporters of the overseeing Ba’ath Party and the Syrian restriction, which has transformed into an articulate common war (Nebehay, 2012), has additionally come about into a significant outcast issue and an inadequacy in fundamental assets and administrations that has prompted â€Å"more than 4 million Syrians now lack[ing] fuel, power, a phone line and food† (The Economist, 2013). These realities uncover that the Syrian circumstance, which has been continuing for over two years, has transformed into an obvious helpful calamity. We will compose a custom exposition test on When Is Humanitarian Intervention Justified? or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page However, â€Å"both NATO and the United States have expressed beyond all doubt that they won't intervene† and â€Å"Russia and China have vetoed endeavors in the UN Security Council to censure Syria† (Landis, 2012). I utilized Syria as an early on contextual analysis since it shapes a contemporary show of the degree to which states can manhandle their power rights, â€Å"treating [them] as a permit to kill† (Bellamy amp; Wheeler, 2011, p. 512). In spite of the fact that the global network has gotten militarily associated with different cases, for different reasons it isn't eager to do as such in Syria, as it was not prepared to mediate in Darfur in 2003-4, when the Sudanese government â€Å"embarked on what the UN has portrayed as a rule of terror† (Bellamy amp; Wheeler, 2011, p. 520), notwithstanding past â€Å"declarations that such violations must ‘never again’ be permitted to happen† (Stark, 2011, p. 4). In this exposition it will be contended that inside today’s regularizing setting, particularly with our originations of humankind and the verifiable battle behind it, and with an expanding association of states, the worldwide network is given a legitimization to intercede militarily in states that misuse their power rights, utilizing unjustified power against their own kin, carrying out slaughters or mass outrages, and causing in this manner monstrous human anguish and a potential hreat to global security. It will be focused on that this avocation is unequivocally connected with the time and regularizing setting we live in, yet in addition that philanthropic supports can be manhandled and should consequently be done inside a specific system to be seen well by general supposition. For the extent of this exposition, philanthropic intercession will be characterized as â€Å"the danger or utilization of power across fringes by a state (or gathering of states) focused on [†¦] finishing far reaching and grave infringement of the basic human privileges of people other than its own residents, without authorization of the state inside whose domain power is applied† (Holzgrefe amp; Koehane, 2003, p. 18). It is essential to take note of that normal practices are in consistent development. They are fundamental to the comprehension of worldwide legislative issues since they characterize â€Å"the rights and obligations states accept they have toward each other [†¦], the objectives they esteem, the methods they accept are [†¦] authentic to acquire these objectives, and the political expenses and advantages connected to various choices† (Finnemore, 2003, p. 53). As an outcome, the importance, job and intention of philanthropic missions have changed essentially after some time. In the nineteenth century, in contrast to today, â€Å"intervenors discovered motivations to distinguish themselves with the survivors of helpful fiascos in some [†¦] select way†, which is strikingly exhibited by the way that â€Å"before the twentieth century basically all occurrences of military mediation to secure individuals other than the intervenor’s own nationals included assurance of Christians from the Ottoman Turks† (Finnemore, 2003, pp. 58). The explanation is that Christians were the ones thought about deserving of others conscious treatment and henceforth of compassionate insurance, while non-Christians were seen as less meriting such contemplations. Subsequently, mass killing by colonizers in their settlements didn't instant mediation, and neither did massacres against Jews, nor slaughters of Native Americans in the United States, nor Russian butchering of Turks during the 1860s (on the same page. ). Today it would not be ethically permissible to think about gatherings of individuals less human or less deserving of human right security, since it has been acknowledged that there are sure rights that â€Å"all people have by goodness of personhood alone† (Teson, 2001, p. 1). Notwithstanding, in light of the fact that inside prior regulating settings individuals from whole ethnicities or societies were transparently viewed as unseemly, less human and undeserving of rights, it was hard for states to legitimize equipped mediation in these peoples’ regions as being exclusively compassionate. It was with the nullification of subjugation and slave exchange, a development that stamped â€Å"one of the best good insurgencies in human history† (Lauren, 2011, p. 49), that new standards came into work on, extending the idea of mankind fundamentally. Individuals recently saw as past the edge of mankind †as being property †came to be seen as human, and with that status came certain [†¦] benefits and protections† (Finnemore, 2003, p. 68). Decolonization assumed a further job in the extension of humankind. â€Å"The colonialism’s compassionate crucial to ‘civilize’ the non-European world. [†¦] Until these ind ividuals were socialized they remained [†¦] not exactly human†. Decolonization, in any case, occurred when humankind stopped being viewed as something one could make, or something socially reliant, turning out to be rather something â€Å"inherent in singular human beings† (in the same place. . However, human rights were not allowed a perpetual spot in political talk and the worldwide plan until the monstrosities of the holocaust and World War II and the ensuing 1948 UN General Assembly’s ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (Donnely, 2011). From that point forward we have been seeing the rise of a worldwide human rights request, which â€Å"is dependent on solid and broadly acknowledged standards and standards yet [†¦] powerless instruments of universal implementation†, leaving the organization of human rights to singular countries (Donnely, 2011, p. 496). This recorded point of view serves to show that it has required some investment and battle for our contemporary originations of mankind and human rights to be shaped. It is henceforth understandable that once the all inclusiveness of human rights has been acknowledged, one of the primary reasons for states gets ensuring and making sure about these rights. â€Å"Governments and others in power who truly damage [human] rights sabotage the one explanation that legitimizes their political force, and in this manner ought not be ensured by global law† (Teson, 2001, p. 1). This thinking recommends that there are confinements to the idea of state power, which is utilized as one of the primary contentions for the situation against helpful mediation. â€Å"A sovereign state is considered to be the defender of the security and property of its subjects [†¦]; or the gatekeeper of their privileges [†¦]; or the declaration of their aggregate will† (Hoffman, 1995, p. 34). Thus, state sway â€Å"serves important human ends† however â€Å"those who horribly attack them ought not be permitted to shield themselves behind power principles† (Teson, 2001, p. 2). This shows sway gets from a state’s obligation to ensure the rights and the government assistance of its residents, and that once they neglect to do so they lose their entitlement to non-obstruction and non-mediation (on the same page. ). In this manner, government wrongness is â€Å"a vital [†¦] condition for the passability of intervention† (Teson, 2001, p. 10). In any case, it isn't sufficient to ground compassionate mediation â€Å"solely on the ethical wrongness of a state, in light of the fact that there are [†¦] situations where the breakdown of state authenticity won't be sufficient to legitimize intervention† (in the same place. . Given, the multifaceted nature and expenses of intercession and the capriciousness of result, interceding for compassionate purposes becomes sensible and advocated once there is a reasonable and generous human enduring that can't be halted calmly. In different occurrences non-military other options, for example, conci liatory weight and endorses, may be progressively proportionate to the issue and consequently better supported (Powers, 2012). By the by, it is basic to perceive that if in the past the regularizing setting formed no ethical obligation to mediate to lighten the enduring of all and any sorts of individuals, today this ethical obligation exists and completely legitimizes outfitted intercession on account of barbarities and helpful fiascos, an obligation that ought to gauge more than power rights. As it were, â€Å"there are conditions in which the ethical great of power must respect predominant objectives, those of worldwide humankind the insurance of people from deplorable shades of malice, for example, the infringement of their central rights to life and security† (Hoffman, 1995, p. 5). Then again, helpful mediations require utilizing considerable material assets and giving up one

The concept of Trinity Essay Example for Free

The idea of Trinity Essay The idea of Trinity depicts that God exists as a solitary being yet lives as three people, comprising of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. The three people are accepted to be discrete and unceasing people, all have a place with one Divine being. The teaching that underpins the idea of Trinity is Trinitarianism. This principle likewise portrays that the Son, the second individual of the Trinity, is involved two all around characterized characters, the completely divine and the completely human characters. The idea of the Trinity is the result of unremitting examinations directed by the congregation on the data contained in the holy book, just as discussions held with respect to the good book, and compositions on the idea. The authoritative opinion of an all inclusive trinity was established in 325 AD, which at that point got tremendous dissents from strict organizations. The most acknowledged hypothesis of the Trinity is found in the Gospel of John in the Bible. Consequently the Trinity clarifies the idea of God, just as the otherworldly situation of man (McGrath, 1990). This idea likewise excuses God’s structure for elegance and salvation, and the rule of the congregation. The Trinity likewise clarifies through the idea of the Trinity different issues, for example, evangelism, Christian instruction, social connections, strict opportunity and the family. The idea of Trinity depicts that the current statements of faith were delivered because of apostasies to their convictions. This occurred during the time of the missionaries, which utilized the occasions of apostasy as an ideal opportunity to react through the creation the ideologies to bear witness to their convictions. Reference McGrath AE (1990): Understanding the Trinity. Zondervan, ISBN 0310296811.

Increase Petrol Price Free Essays

Awful traffic and expanding contamination are prickly issues testing each significant city in the globe. To battle such issues, government urges organizations to increase gas cost with an end goal to diminish vehicle use and chop down waste gas. Anyway it might incidentally reduce the issue, yet is suspiciously the ideal arrangement. We will compose a custom article test on Increment Petrol Price or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now As a matter of first importance, purchasers and economy would be misled by such measures. The quantity of vehicles in a nation straightforwardly relies upon the extent of the populace sufficiently rich to possess vehicles. Thus, brings up in gas cost could summon hard sentiments among this section of individuals however would not radically change their conduct in utilizing vehicles. Regardless of whether the quantity of vehicles on street is decreased because of higher gas cost, this isn't the most ideal approach to take care of traffic issues. Such approach would hurt the car business, place greater expenses on current and prospect vehicle proprietors, and subvert the economy of a country. Over the long haul, the last way out could be the development of better streets and progressively viable utilization of accessible vehicle offices. Also, there is proof that waste gas from vehicles isn't the main source of air contamination. The guilty party might be the release of dirtying substances into the environment because of the quickly developing assembling industry. Thus, decrease of the quantity of vehicles would not return us a blue sky and natural air. We could all the more likely handle this issue in the event that we could expand command over mechanical waste release and receive progressively ecological well disposed materials and creation hardware. At last, different estimates like the use of less expensive and cleaner vitality assets could likewise be a superior arrangement. For instance, we presently can make cell-controlled or even sun based fueled vehicles. Such vitality is totally spotless and abundant. Anyway we despite everything have an extremely long approach to transform such innovatively conceivable into bear the cost of capable and useful items. To close, it isn't the most ideal approach to control traffic and contamination by expanding gas value on the grounds that such activity will hurt purchasers and economy without accomplishing what it is focused on. Measures, for example, development of better vehicle offices and advancement of new vitality assets could be progressively successful arrangements. Step by step instructions to refer to Increase Petrol Price, Essay models

How to Write an Introduction in Essay

How to Write an Introduction in EssaySo, you want to know how to write an introduction in the essay? You need to understand that this part of your paper is just as important as the entire other. If you give it an excellent start, then you will be able to help your students avoid many mistakes that may come with a bad introduction.Writing a short introduction is not difficult. It may seem like you have a lot to work with, but you can make things easier by being specific and by putting yourself in the shoes of your reader. What do you want your readers to take away from reading your essay? Your introduction needs to focus on helping them to understand what your entire paper is about.An introduction should establish how much information you are giving to your reader. You may want to give them just a quick overview of the topics that you are going to cover in your paper. Then, you can continue with the main body of your essay. If you give a brief introduction, then you can easily move on to the next topic if necessary.Course descriptions can also be very helpful. They let your readers know what type of material they are getting into. Do not focus too much on the course; if you are including it in your introduction, then you need to have some sort of introduction to the material in the course. If not, then your readers will not understand why they are reading your essay and what you want them to gain from it.One way to answer the question of how to write an introduction in essay is to use stories. As long as you give the readers a good introduction to the topic, then you can move on to more difficult subjects. Keep in mind that if your readers cannot relate the story to their own experience, then it may be difficult for them to remember it when they finish reading your essay. Therefore, if you are to include a story in your introduction, then you need to make sure that you follow the story with a synonym or related term.For example, if you are using an assignment on rock climbing, then you can add the word 'fast' to your story if you use the word in its literal sense. Another way to do this is to use the word 'fast' in your story in relation to your readers' experience of hearing it. For example, if the word was said when climbing up a mountain, then you may want to use the word 'out of breath' in your introduction.How to write an introduction in essay can be difficult, but once you know the tips that I will give you, then you can move ahead and write your introduction. If you follow these tips, then you will be able to write an effective introduction in less time. Remember that it is all about making your readers focus on what you want them to get out of reading your essay. When you write your introduction, do not worry too much about spelling errors and grammatical errors.Instead, focus on your reader's needs and concerns. It is also a good idea to be specific. You may have different definitions for the same terms, so be specific about it. Y ou will learn how to write an introduction in the essay, so you can achieve success with your essay.

Young Thomas Edison Essays - Thomas Edison, Phonograph, Edison

Youthful Thomas Edison I read the book Young Thomas Edison , by Sterling North. The book tells about Edison's Young life and how he significantly prevailing consistently. It tells about his most prominent developments and Edisons Historic locales and how her turned into the most prominent innovator everything being equal. Thomas Alva Edison was conceived of February of 1847, in Milan Ohio. He was the seventh and last offspring of Nancy Edison and Samuel Edison. Thomas Alva Edison acquired quite a bit of his knowledge from Nancy Elliot Edison. Nancy Edison would peruse books to Thomas Edison about researchers. That is at the point when Edison got inspired by tests. At the point when Thomas Alva Edison was ten, he what's more, his family moved to a humble community in Purt, Hacon. There he had his own research center in the storm cellar. At eleven years old Edison and his companion would raise ten acces of vegetables. At that point they would plant them and they would sell them around town. They needed to procure cash so they could offer it to the family. They needed to do this since they had money related issues. At the point when Thomas Alva Edison was more seasoned he filled in as a trainboy and would sell confections and papers. One day Thomas Edison's dad understood that Edison was hard of hearing from one ear. Thomas Edison got hard of hearing from taking a shot at the train. At the point when Edison was functioning as a trainboy he got developing a message. At the point when Edison was in his twenties he earned numerous licenses by creating the lightball, message, broadcast and a lot more creations. Edison's subsequent spouse was Mrs. Mina Miller Edison. Edison had numerous concoction research facilities throughout his life. On 1931, Thomas Alva passed on when he crumbled. By this his creations we have are road lights, phonographs and numerous different things. I would truly prescribe this book to any one since Thomas Alva Edison is perhaps the best creator.

Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non

Matters with respect to local English-talking instructors (NESTs) and non-local English-talking educators (NNESTs) have recently gotten generous enthusiasm from scientists and academicians (Braine, 2005; Mahboob, 2004). One of the key subjects being talked about is learners’ perspectives towards local and non-local English instructors in Saudi high schools.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will examine perspectives on various academicians and scientists on this point by: investigating various examinations on discernments and mentalities of English as a Second/Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) learners’ towards NESTs and NNESTs in Saudi Arabia. Discernments and Attitudes of ESL/EFL Learners towards NESTs According to most examinations on ESL/EFL learners’ viewpoint towards NESTs, being educated by NESTs has the two benefits and bad marks. Benefits might be connected to factors like explanation and cognizance of the second/unknown dialect customs, while bad marks might be associated with issues like instructing language rules and the insufficiency to deal with learners’ issues. An investigation by Benke Medgyes (2005) on certain students of English from a middle of the road school in Hungary uncovered that NESTs show improvement over NNESTs in verbal abilities guidance. The interviewees in this investigation exhibited that NESTs for the most part have solid abilities to train conversation classes, goes about as perfect models for reenactment and cheer students to chat in the language. Notwithstanding the verbal abilities issue, interviewees uncovered that their NESTs are regularly confident, increasingly agreeable and their classes are normally energetic when contrasted with the NNESTs. Conversely, another examination by Benke Medgyes (2005) in a similar school however on a lower grade class uncovered that NESTs are difficult to understand and are not the best language structure teachers. In an alternate report, Lasagabaster Sierra (2005) inspected the estimations of some school students towards NNESTs and NESTs. The result showed that the greater part of the interviewees were supportive of NESTs to NNESTs because of NESTs exactness in verbalization and utilization of phrasings. Concerning the language capability, the members represented that NESTs utilize preferable English over NNESTs in their discourses and focusing on them is better for improving students’ capacity to tune in. They further demonstrated that NESTs have extra information in perusing and writing.Advertising Looking for exposition on instruction? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As respects unknown dialect customs, the respondents considered NESTs to be a significant asset for growing their comprehension of target c ustoms. By the by, the respondents in this investigation esteemed that NESTs flaunted some negative viewpoints. Despite the fact that they truly regarded NESTs exact explanation, they also limited a few highlights of local articulation. For example, a few respondents uncovered that a few NESTs never talk in standard English, making their explanation difficult to grasp. In another investigation, Mahboob (2004) accepted a discourse diagnostic strategy to contemplate and assess perspectives on 33 ESL students enlisted in a serious English seminar on NESTs and NNESTs. The results of this examination were like those depicted in the two previously mentioned investigations. The respondents noticed that NESTs had the two benefits and bad marks. In the main gathering, the guidance of verbal aptitudes was regarded the key advantage of the NESTs. Alternately, the examination found antagonistic parts of NESTs related with showing techniques and individual issues. With respect to strategies, the investigation uncovered that NESTs constantly neglected to offer satisfactory responses to learners’ questions and needed reasonable techniques for instruction.Concerning individual issues, the respondents felt that NESTs were not compelling educators since they needed involvement with examining English. Recognitions and Attitudes of Learners towards NNESTs Latest research has noticed that both EFL and ESL students esteem that NNESTs are better educators contrasted with NESTs in many zones, for example, in techniques for guidance. By the by, these students likewise esteem that NNESTs have essential impediments. Respondents of an examination directed by Benke Medgyes (2005) uncovered that NNESTs are generally skillful in educating sentence structure and have the possibility to deal with linguistic complexities. The respondents additionally uncovered that NNESTs advance language adapting proficiently by taking care of students patiently.Advertising We will compose a custom pap er test on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another examination by Kelch Satana-Williamson (2002) uncovered that NNESTs have three advantages. To start with, NNESTs are typically progressively acquainted with the hardships and issues that understudies experience, having been students of the language eventually. Second, NNESTs can utilize interpretation while instructing, particularly in cases whereby the main language is common. Third, NNESTs goes about as wellsprings of motivation to students since it causes them to accept that they can likewise get capable in the language. On the other hand, an investigation by Benke Medgyes (2005) exhibited that NNESTs are all the more captivating, give heaps of assignments, articulate English words erroneously and utilize antiquated language in educating. An examination by Pacek (2005) likewise uncovered that negative highlights of NNEST s can be related with highlights of language ability, especially elocution. All in all, this survey exhibits that both non-local and local English-talking educators are seen by students to have benefits and negative marks. While local English-talking educators are considered best in verbal guidance as a result of their language legitimacy and familiarity, nonnative English-talking teachers present advantages of having being prior understudies of EFL/ESL. Along these lines, English is all around educated as an EFL/ESL by collaboration between the NNESTs and NESTs. References Benke, A. Medgyes, P. (2005). Non-local language instructors: recognitions, difficulties and commitments to the calling. New York: Springer Braine, G. (2005). Instructing English to the world: history, educational program and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence ErlbaumAdvertising Searching for paper on training? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Kelch, K., Santana-Williamson, E. (2002). ESL students’ mentalities toward local and nonnative-talking instructors’ highlights. The CATESOL Journal, 14(1), 57-72. Lasagabaster, D. Sierra, J.M. (2005). What's students' opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of having a local talking educator? New York: Springer Mahboob, A. (2004). Demystifying the local speaker in TESOL. SPELT Quarterly 19(4), 1-14. Pacek, D. (2005). Character not nationality: remote students’ view of a non-local speaker instructor of English at a British college. New York: Springer. This paper on Learners Attitudes towards Native and Non-Native English Teachers in Saudi High Schools was composed and put together by client Angela S. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Smart medical diagnosis for common diseases - Free Essay Example

1. Introduction 1.1. Present Scenario Internet is the latest and the most powerful innovation of mankind. In present era of internet we used computer technology to solve our many problems. Today in every field we use computer technology from education, business, social networking to order a dinner or health check-up. Nobody knows from when human are start using medicine for cure themselves from illness. Many years ago when uncivilized human are lives in cave, deep forest they used various tree, plants leaves as medicine. They give their knowledge to the next generation. There is no MBBS doctors are available at that time. The anytime anywhere availability of Internet has made a great impact specially in-terms of reaching customers and making themselves aware of ones products base and services. (Roche, 2010) Going back 15 or more years, when hardly anyone had access to the internet; you would have had to go out to find a doctor for solving your health problems. But now, that the internet is available to many people, so people can visit a virtual doctor clinic. In todays modern society we have MBBS doctors, thousands of medicine for thousands of diseases. If we feel sick, we go to the doctors clinic and doctor diagnosis us, then prescribed some medicine and after taking medicine will fine within few days. But if you went out from your city or you go someplace, where you get sick and you dont have any doctor nearby. What you do then? In Africa there is only 1 doctor among 5000 people. Presently, Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. There are many places where people are dying because of some common diseases. Just some common medicine can help them. Now if I asked you What if you could visit a doctor, any time of day or night, without leaving your home and that doctor could review your history, diagnose your problem and also give you prescription? Now you are thinking how is it possible? Ok you need just an internet connection and computer and Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases onlinesoftware will do it for you. 1.2. Topic of the Project The Project is titled Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases. It will be a generic software package for a medical clinic. The system will be able to act as a web-based solution for medical symptom checker. It will prove to be asset for both the doctor as well as their patient. 1.3. Targeted Audience Target audience or user is one of the main concerns on how and why a system is been developed, who is going to use this system. The target users of Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine have been categorized into three types. Target audience Application Administrative/Managerial Staff Customizing the application to suit companys needs Adding and Managing Pages Register Doctor Patient Can use virtual doctor. Chat with doctor Create Forum Send Message to others Upload Personal Details Use Medical Symptom checker Doctor Chat with patient Medicine search engine Symptom Checker 1.4. Problem Context Internet enthusiastic people want to use internet to solve their medical problems. But there is no good local site that can provide this kind of facility. This kind of website is perfect for them who dont have time to visit a doctors clinic for minor Where doctor is unable, we used this kind of technology to help people. Presently, There are only 54 doctors per 100,000 peoples in Africa. Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. In this country this kind of system will help people if it can be implemented. . 1.5. Rationale behind the System The following has highlighted some of the most common benefits of the Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine Because of the existence of the identified problems, there is a need for such project. This project consists of some on-line web application which provides guides to the patient. The system will be using advanced algorithm to design a virtual medical agent. The benefits gained from this project are: User can contact with doctor easily from their home or office. Doctor can easily manage their patient. Patient can gain medical knowledge from using this system. Smart Symptom checker can help patient anytime. 1.5.1. Proposed Solution Patient who have some knowledge of using internet doesnt need to visit to doctor for common diseases life fiver, Pain, stomatitis etc. It also helps community and skilled health workers, supported by automated assessment and treatment protocols, can rapidly expand the delivery of health care in developing countries The spread of mobile phones and web services makes new models of healthcare delivery possible at everyones hand. Proven technology will allow developing countries to leapfrog the knowledge gap between doctors and patients User can learn about healthcare tasks from this system. Doctor doesnt need to remember all the name of medicine and their purpose. Doctor can find details of a medicine just a click of a search button. Ground-breaking but proven technology allows rapid development, review, and updating of complex automated guidelines by medical professionals without it intervention. 1.6. Benefits of the System Development and Implementation of such a system will bring in a lot of benefits for the business, its employees and its customers (both current and potential). These benefits can be classified into Tangible and Intangible which are discussed in details below:- The system help doctor to make faster diagnosis. Using medicine search engine doctor can get any medicine information with in a second. Various medical tools like BMI calculator, symptom checker etc. will help doctor as well as patient to solve their problems easily. System administrator can easily manage the system using content management system. The system will use roles and permission levels, to maintain confidentiality of private data of administrator, doctor and patient. Patient can use chat services to chat with doctor. The presence of certain services offered by the system on the mobile web will also ensure that the system can be accessed from anywhere anytime. 1.7. Challenges Involved Developing a system such as this will involve a host of challenges for the developer. The major challenges can be classified under:- 1.7.1. Domain Challenges: Data Gathering and Domain Analysis: Due to the developers unfamiliarity with the work-flow and the processes followed in the online Symptom Checker it will become a challenging task to develop awareness about the medical service domain. Implementation of Customizability: The biggest challenge of developing a system like this is its implementation itself. There is high percentage of risk involved in development and implementation of a system like this. The main challenge is to understand the base concepts involved in designing and developing Smart Medical Diagnosis. The developer will also need to follow a modular and object oriented approach in developing this system for enhancing reusability, abstraction, encapsulation and polymorphism. Content Management System (CMS): Understanding and Implementing a CMS integrated with a system like this will require the developer to design the complex architecture of the system in prior so that his/her concepts are clear regarding the control flow of the system and no module infringes each other. This will also require him/her to study existing CMS such as Joomla and Drupal and understand their architecture and working. Database Designing and Normalization: Designing a database for a generic customizable system like this is challenge in itself. The fields and data types of the table along with the tables itself are not fixed or pre-defined. The developer needs to code keeping in mind user customization may need to create these database objects dynamically and hence needs to keep a scope for their creation and modification. Apart from this, there needs to be a big centralized database, which is capable of storing large amount of data and about a large number of entities. The relation between these large numbers of entities will be needed to be figure out and a complex normalization has to be implemented in designing a database like this. Implementation of 3-Tier Architecture: In order to enhance scalability, performance, reliability and robustness of this system, the developer will need to implement 3-Tier architecture for developing this system which is a challenging task keeping in mind the size and complexity of the systems database. Algorithm for Customizing the site and Symptom Checker: The developer will require to showcase solid understanding for logics and algorithms in order to develop the module where the administrative users can add or edit new pages, new symptom option where he/she will be able to add its name description along with the algorithm that will be followed for generating a definite result. 1.7.2. Technical Challenges: PHP: The system will require the developer to use advanced PHP functionalities like Personalization, Forum, Blog and Emailing which will be used in various modules of this system. Develop a PHP base application is harder as compare to develop same application in ASP.NET using visual studio. Visual studio generates code for you debug for you and its also save time. But PHP is challenge as compare to asp.net. Cause PHP doesnt have any IDE and very code you need to write it down in a text editor. Finding an error is also a head ace. But for learning purpose PHP is great. Thats the reason I chose PHP as main web development language. Web Based system: Making an interactive web based system is difficult. Implement a dynamic web site is harder than making a desktop application. We need to take care of network, client server, band width to make project successful. AJAX and JavaScript / jQuery: For designing an intuitive and dynamic interface so that users have a rich experience availing features like data entry assistance, error prevention, etc. The developer needs to have in depth knowledge of AJAX as well as JavaScript or jQuery. Implementation of AJAX is not easy task for a developer who is new to web development. I just know little PHP and HTML. It will be a challenge for me to implement Ajax in this project. AJAX makes web application fell like a desktop application. CSS: Most people who are new in web development cant able to understand how to lay out a page. They just try to drug and drop div, table using Dreamweaver or any HTML design tools with underrating the advanced concept of CSS. And ended up with Advanced Database Concepts with MYSQL: For designing such a complex database that the system requires the developer needs to have a concrete understanding of database concepts like Normalization, Query Optimization, Views, and Permissions. He/she should also require familiarity with MYSQL. MOBILE OPTIMIZATING : For optimizing the web application for mobile phones and handheld devices the developer needs to have extensive skills in WML, mobile web as well as an understanding of how to integrate WML with server side scripting technologies 1.8. Goals behind developing the System 1.8.1. Project goal When people are sick, they must make critical decisions about when and where they should receive healthcare. Unfortunately, most people lack the medical knowledge needed to make these decisions safely. Online smart diagnosis is powered by a computer program that performs symptom triage. The goal of symptom triage is to decide when, and where, you should seek care when you have symptoms. Symptom triage does not replace a physician evaluation or make a diagnosis. 1.8.2. Academic Goal To recall and analyse and implement the understanding and concepts learnt in the complete course curriculum through various modules as well as on individual level and implement all of it in order to come out with a complete computing project of industry standard To document and publish the deliverables professionally following the standards followed in industry. 1.9. Objectives of the System 1.9.1. Project Objectives To come up with a complete automation solution for online symptom diagnosis. To keep the design, architecture, implementation flexible so as to allow customization by the system administrator. Optimize information presentation and service interface according to the capability of the device requesting it. To use communication channels apart from HTTP like Email, SMS and WAP for supplying quality information and services to customers and company employees. To ensure that the web is bug free and that it runs equally and efficiently on all browsers and platforms 1.9.2. Academic Objectives The prime objective is to learn nitty-gritties of project management and project development lifecycle, implementing it in developing the system and gaining experience in it. Learn Content Management System (CMS) To learn and apply the various Web Development Methodology and Human Computer Interaction Design Principles to the system design. Web accessibility To learn and master the advance features of PHP, MYSQL and associated technologies. To learn the internal work-flow and procedures that is followed medical diagnosis. 1.10. Success Criteria To determine whether the project is a success or a failure parameters such as the quality of application developed as well as the quality of project documentation will be analysed. The quality of application will include the degree to which requirement was fulfilled, the degree of user-friendliness of the system as well as the ability to run swiftly, consistently and error-freely on multiple browsers. 1.11 Scope and Functionalities of the System Scope limits the project. It defines where in the project the developer should call it stop. It determines to what extent the system will support functionalities and beyond what the system facilitates no feature or functionalities. 1.11.1. Functionalities to be implemented The functionalities to be incorporated into the system which in turn will decide the scope of the system have been classified into 3 categories on the basis of their complexity and exclusiveness. They are:- 1.11.1.1. Core Functionalities:. Symptom checker is an automatic smart software agent that can ask question to patient about their problem and it analysis the problems and diagnosis the debases of the patient Chat Services Patients can text chat with doctor. Forum User can create, post delete thread in forum Messaging User can send message to each other CMS(Content management System) Admin can create update and delete pages. Medicine search engine Doctor can use medicine search engine to know about works of a particular medicine Registration of Doctor And Patient . Patient Can upload his/her medical history. Secure and configurable user access through individual user logins and passwords. Users can change their password. 1.11.1.2. Enhanced Functionalities: Design the virtual doctor using artificial intelligent Video chat service Create user blog Full Mobile based services Full customizing user profiling. 1.11.1.3. Special Functionalities Various tool boxes for doctor BMI Calculator, BRM calculator, Body fat calculator. Voice chat and VoIP 1.11.2. Scope of the Project This projects main aim is to give perfect medical information to the user through internet. It will save time and money of both doctor and patient. The patient who dont have the time to visit the clinic of the doctor for some common issue they can use this system. This kind of system already in market like virtual doctor, WEB MD, Online health, but none of them works on mobile platform. As Smart Medical Diagnosis also works on mobile platform, anyone with wap enable mobile with GPRS, EGDE or 3G can access his web services and get information about medicine and diseases. 1.11.2.1 Scope Limitation Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases is an online application. Without internet this system doesnt work WAP Based mobile not able to display the webpage chat required high speed internet connection Symptom checker may be diagnosis wrong if patient give wrong input Serious medical problems cant be solved using this system Only some common diseases can be diagnosis 1.12. Feasibility Study By the means of feasibility study one can find out if an information system project can be done, and if so, how. A feasibility study should answers the following question: Whether the project can be done; What are alternative solutions? What are the criteria for choosing among them? Is there a preferred alternative? After a feasibility study, a decision is taken on the go ahead/no go of the project. There are a many types of feasibility study that are used for analysis of Information System. In this project the developer has restricted the feasibility study to Technological Feasibility Study and Schedule Feasibility. 1.12.1. Technical Feasibility Study The technical feasibility study compares the level of technology available in the software development firm and the level of technology required for the development of the product. Here the level of technology consists of the programming language, the hardware resources, Other software tools etc. (All About Information Technology) In this project the hardware and software required as the application will be deployed on a apache server, PHP 5.3 With ZEND Framework and mysql 5 Server will not be big ask at present scene. On the Client End the application just requires any current java script enable web browser. 1.12.3. Operational Feasibility Study Operational feasibility study tests the operational scope of the software to be developed. The proposed software must have high operational feasibility. The usability will be high. It is basically used to analyse whether the system will be used if it is developed and implemented. Whether there will be resistance from users that will affect the possible application benefits? Data gathering methods such as questionnaire and interviews have been incorporated in the development plan to ensure all user requirements are collected well in hand to develop the system. We also provide help manual to better understand the tystem. 1.12.3. Schedule Feasibility Study Schedule Feasibility is an assessment whether the project will be able to complete on time. Since the project deadline is fixed i.e. 32 weeks. Each project phase time-line has been established with certain milestones also including some form of deliverables like PPF, PSF and Mid-Point the project-schedule is realistic and well within reach if the established schedule is followed precisely. 1.13. Major Project Deliverables Final Year Project Documentation Page | 18 Abhijit Roy (PTL00782212) Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases Draft Proposal PPF Ethical Form PSF log sheet Hard copy Soft copy Final Year Project Documentation Page | 18 Abhijit Roy (PTL00782212) Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases Start date: 27th July 2010 Duration: 31 Weeks End date: 20th March Project Development plan and Time Estimation. S.no Phase Tasks Weeks 1 Formulation (total 10days) Idea Generation Project Title Selection Feasibility Studies Abstract Draft Project Proposal Weeks -1.5 2 Planning (total 18 days) Work Breakdown Structure Schedule and Time Estimation Critical Path Method Interviews Gantt Chart Project Proposal Form Weeks -2.5 3 Analysis (total 49 days) Identify project specifications Project Background Resources required Techniques to be learnt Goals and Objectives Determine System Functionalities Identify scope of research Project Specification Form Investigation ad Research Programming Human Computer Interaction Multimedia Design Principles User requirements Drifting Analysis User Profiling Domain analysis System analysis Risk analysis Weeks -7 4 System Design (Total 49 days) Tasks: Navigational Design Story Boarding Process Diagram Abstract Interface Design Screen layout Content Design Interactivity Design Functionality Design Midpoint Interview Weeks -7 5 Implementation (Total 28 days) Code generation Module Integration Weeks -4 6 Testing and Evaluation (Total 35days) Test Plans Unit Testing Integration Testing System Testing Critical Evaluation Weeks -5 7 Project Ending (Total 35days) Submission of the finished product Presentation Weeks -5 2. Problem Description When people are sick, they must make critical decisions about when and where they should receive healthcare. Unfortunately, most people lack the medical knowledge needed to make these decisions safely. Online Smart Diagnosis is powered by a computer program that performs symptom triage. The goal of symptom triage is to decide when, and where, you should seek care when you have symptoms. Symptom triage does not replace a physician evaluation or make a diagnosis. Over the past 12 years, healthcare professionals in the U.S. government and major managed care organizations have used the program extensively, proving its effectiveness. Like FreeMD.com improves medical outcomes by helping consumers determine the most appropriate time and place to receive care from a healthcare professional. (How it Works) With so many options for care today, its becoming more important for you to know where you should get care when you develop symptoms. Choices include: Emergency Room Urgent Care Center Physician Office Physician eVisit (via the web, e-mail, or phone) Dentist Office Nurse Retail Clinic Your choice on where to get care is important because not all of these locations are equipped to treat all health problems. If you make the wrong choice, you risk delaying your diagnosis and treatment. A wrong choice could also lead you to over-pay for the same care you could have received in a less expensive setting. Online Smart Diagnosis was created to safely direct you to the right location: where you get the care you need, without paying more than you need to. Online Smart Diagnosis performs a medical interview, just like a real doctor. During the interview, you answer questions about your symptoms and past medical history. Online Smart Diagnosis is designed to be fast (average encounter time is less than 2 minutes), so you get help fast! At the end of the process, FreeMD.com generates a report that provides the following information: What might be causing your symptoms? When should you see a doctor? Where should you seek care? What kind of doctor should you see? What should you do to care for yourself? There are many palaces in the world where you cant find a single doctor. There are only 54 doctors per 100,000 peoples in Africa. Presently, Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. In many parts of the world, far too many children and adults are dying unnecessarily from easily treatable diseases. In a world where many of us take basic healthcare for granted, one in six children in Zambia will still not reach the age of five. Too often this problem is simply due to the lack of access to effective primary healthcare. Whether it is the huge distances to health centres and lack of transport, the lack of doctors in many regions, or the simple shortage of resources such as medications, very often easily treatable conditions are left until it is too late. From above information we can say, there is a desperate lack of primary healthcare available to rural communities in many parts of the world due to their geographical isolation, shortage of doctors, and lack of resources. The Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases Project is an innovative new venture that aims to use mobile clinics and internet to save lives. 3. Literature Review Development of successful project starts with a solid and deep Research. Thus, Research will be an on-going process throughout the project. Researches need in every phase let it be planning, user interface designing or anything and especially when you are in process of building comprehensible website. The research area will also consist of the development process model which will be used for the project. Getting good hands on programming languages and mastering back-ends will also be a challenge and research work. For developing this project I am going to flow Web Engineering model. I think this is the best model to make web based project. 3.1. Web Engineering and WebE Process model: As Web-based systems play increasingly important roles in a number of applications, the demands placed on these systems and their complexity have also increased significantly. Also, there is growing need for improved quality, performance and availability of Web-based systems as we are now more dependent on Web-based systems than ever before. But, most Web-based systems are poorly developed in ad hoc manner and hence they exhibit poor performance and are susceptible for major failures. Web-based system development, in most cases, lacks rigour, systematic approach to design, disciplined development process and quality control and assurance procedures. Hence, there is growing concern about the performance, quality, integrity, maintainability and scalability of complex Web based systems. Web engineering advocates a process and a systematic approach to development of high quality Web-based systems and aims to bring the potential chaos in Web-based system development under control and enha nce scalability, maintainability and quality. It is a rapidly emerging as a new discipline for successful development and deployment of large Web-based systems in a range of applications. Web Engineering is an evolving development methodology dedicated to the development of superior Internet and Web Applications. It advocates a standardized process and follows a systematic approach. (S. Murugesan, Y. Deshpande, S. Hansen and A. Ginig, 1999) Web engineering principles and approaches can fix the issues related to web development methodology gaining complete control over the process, minimizing risk and improving the quality and maintainability (Ginige Murugesan, 2000) Web Engineering Activities Successful Web-based system development and deployment is a process, not just an event as currently perceived and practiced by many developers and academics. Web engineering is a holistic approach and deals with all aspects of web-based development, starting from concerting and development to implementation, performance evaluation, and continual maintenance. (Suh, 2005) (Suh, 2005) Web Engineering Development Process: Reasons behind choosing the WebE process model Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases :going to be a web based project and as developer have chosen web engineering model, it would be easy and profitable to follow the process model suggested under the web engineering. The WebE process model is deliberately developed for the web applications and it addresses the specific needs of a web application which differs from the traditional software and is not addressed by the traditional software methodologies, too. Developers system is a web based system and would have a feature that can be looked after only by a dedicated web process model and thats why I found WebE useful. Take time to understand the business needs and product objectives, even if WebApp details are vague. Describe how users will interact with the WebApp using a scenario-based approach Develop a brief project plan. Spend time modeling what you are going to build 3.2 Academic Research Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine is a project where research is going to be very crucial. I have contact with doctor for gathering information. Some of friends who are medical student are going to help in making the database. There are already some system are on the market. From this kind of system I can learn, how I can make this kind of system. Academic Research means extracting information from others hard earned experiences like going through books, journals, paper presentations and other published materials. My project has multidirectional requirements Medical Since this project deals with Medical, patient and so I will need to go through various Medical books so that at least I should have an idea how can I make a virtual medical agent. Patient I have to understand what a patient want from a doctor. What kind of patient should able to use this kind of system? Software Engineering Techniques Web engineering , Mobile WEB technologies Network and Internet Databases there will be a huge use and requirements for databases, since everything will be stored at backend. So I will need a secure, big database Reports generation The books that I would refer would cover both the technical and the domain aspects: The list is as follows: Pressmen, RS 2001, Software Engineering A Practioners Approach, Tata McGraw Hill, New York. Jalote, P 2005, An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering,Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Kolkatta. RamaKrishnan, R Gehrke, J 2000, Database Management Systems, Tata McGraw Hill, Singapore. Shneiderman, B 2005, Designing the User Interface Strategies for Effective Human- ComputerIinteraction, Pearson Education, New Delhi. Welling, L Thompson, L 2006, PHP and MySQL Web Development, Dorling Kindserley Publishing Inc., New Delhi. Dubois, P 2004, MySQL Cook Book, Shroff Publishers Distributers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Kendall, EK Kendall EJ 2004, System Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. American Medical Association Guide to Talking to Your Doctor, The American Medical Association, New York. Navathe, B, Elmasri, R, Somayajulu, VLN, Gupta, SK 2008, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Dorling Kindserley, New Delhi. Mercer, DW, Kent, A, Nowicki, SD, Mercer, D, Squier, D, Choi, W Eide-Goodman, H 2004, Beginners PHP, Willey Dreamtech India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. The websites that I would like to refer are: https://www.freemd.com/ https://www.consumercomplaints.in/complaints/virtual-pc-doctor-c403217.html https://www.everydayhealth.com/ https://web-md.com/ https://cs.pervasive.com/blogs/sql4psql https://www.php.net https://www.mysql.com www.sourceforge.net https://www.w3schools.com/Ajax/Default.Asp https://www.w3schools.com/CSS/Default.Asp https://www.crm2day.com/index_6.php https://crm.ittoolbox.com/ www.parenonline.net https://www.pmi.org/Pages/default.aspx https://whatis.techtarget.com https://www.phpfreaks. https://www.haskell.org https://www.visual-prolog.com/ 3.3 Researches on Similar System Compression chart between Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engineand other similar system those are available in the market like Free-MD, Virtual Doctor. Features Smart Medical Diagnosis Free-MD irtual Doctor CMS Based system Yes No No AJAX Used Yes Yes No Chat services Text Chat No No Virtual doctor agent Yes Yes Yes Contact with Real Doctor Yes No No Mobile Support Yes No No Forum Yes No No 3.4. Content Management System A Content Management System (CMS) is a piece of software that runs on a server. Typically a database application, a CMS makes it easy to publish and administrate content. Some basic features that is common to all CMSes: Decentralized maintenance. Typically based on a common web browser. Edit anywhere, anytime. Bottlenecks removed. Designed with non-technical content editors in mind. People with average knowledge of word processing can create the content easily. No HTML skills required. Configurable access restrictions. Users are assigned roles and permissions that prevent them from touching content in which they are not authorized to change. Consistency of design is preserved. Because content is stored separate from design, the content from all authors is presented with the same, consistent design. Navigation is automatically generated. Menus are typically generated automatically based on the database content and links will not point to nonexistent pages. Content is stored in a database. Central storage means that content can be reused in many places on the website and formatted for multiple devices (web browser, mobile phone/WAP, PDA, printer). Dynamic content. Extensions like forums, polls, shopping carts, search engines, news management are typically drop-in modules. A good CMS also allows for truly user defined extensions. Daily updates. You do not need to involve web designers or programmers for every little modification you are in control of your website. Cooperation. Encourages faster updates, enforces accountability for content editors via log files and promotes cooperation between authors. Content scheduling. Content publication can often be time-controlled; hidden for previews; or require a user login with password. In this project I will try make CMS. Manu, image, pages etc. will be created dynamically. 3.5. Architecture of the System The popularity of online medical diagnosis is growing day by day. Lots of internet user and doctors are using this kind of services every day. There are many online medical diagnosis system is available like web-md, virtual doctor, symptom-checker, everyday health. Those existing web diagnosis system is designed using existing technologies like Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), ASP.Net, PHP, JavaScript, secure socket layer(SSL) that drive the internet. These technologies follow the well-known Client Server Architecture. The client-server system over the internet works well for online medical diagnosis but required high speed internet connection. Here the client is provided with an interface, implemented as XHTML in PHP, for the auction floor. The client carries out patient information through chat interface. PPH 3 tire Clint Server Architecture Reason for adopting Client Server Architecture- When we need to connect two computers we need network. For remote diagnosis a patient using internet connection we need some kind of architecture by which we can connect them so client server is the perfect solution for this system Client/Server architecture allows for the implementation of relational databases, which allows users to access data in many ways. Content Management System (CMS) A content management system (CMS) is a system used to manage the content of a Web site. Typically, a CMS consists of two elements: the content management application (CMA) and the content delivery application (CDA). The CMA element allows the content manager or author, who may not know Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), to manage the creation, modification, and removal of content from a Web site without needing the expertise of a Webmaster. The CDA element uses and compiles that information to update the Web site. The features of a CMS system vary, but most include Web-based publishing, format management, revision control, and indexing, search, and retrieval. (Svarre, 2006) The Web-based publishing feature allows user to use a template or a set of templates approved by the system, as well as wizards and other tools to create or modify Web content. The format management feature allows documents including legacy electronic documents and scanned paper documents to be formatted into HTML or Portable Document Format (PDF) for the Web site. The revision control feature allows content to be updated to a newer version or restored to a previous version. Revision control also tracks any changes made to files by individuals. An additional feature is indexing, search, and retrieval. A CMS system indexes all data within an organization. Individuals can then search for data using keywords, which the CMS system retrieves. The benefits of CMS is that user can modify add delete content of a web page easily and user doesnt want to know any kind of code or technical knowledge of software. It is like using a MS office. To design a CMS system developer must have a good knowledge of database and web technologies. CMS is easy for user but heard and more time consuming than general website development. 4. Research Method 4.1. Primary Research Primary research was performed to gather preliminary information in order to proceed further in the development of the system. Since literature review and academic research concluded most technical and domain study, it was necessary to involve end-users in the development of the system. The developer planned to gather user requirements to gain more information on the feasibility, functionality and the usability of the system. The primary research is conducted by the developer to understand user needs. The developer need to understand the need of patient, how a doctor diagnosis diseases, what user like to use for better understanding of the project. This type of research comes under primary research. These techniques are done in the first phase of any methodology. There are various processes of data gathering techniques which the developer has used are listed below: 4.1.1. Questionnaires Questionnaires are an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of respondents. Often they are the only feasible way to reach a number of reviewers large enough to allow statistically analysis of the results. A well-designed questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both the overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. If the questionnaire includes demographic questions on the participants, they can be used to correlate performance and satisfaction with the test system among different groups of users. (Questionnaire Design, 2009) Reason of using questionnaires A Questionnaire can be quite inexpensive to developer. Although preparation may be costly, any data collection scheme will have similar preparation expenses. The cost per person of a questionnaire can be as low as postage and a few photocopies. Time is also an important resource that questionnaires can maximize. If a questionnaire is self-administering, such as an e-mail questionnaire, potentially several thousand people could respond in a few days. It would be impossible to get a similar number of usability tests completed in the same short time. Questionnaires will save time and money of developer. Benefits Justification Generally it is relatively quick to collect information and also chip. However in some situations they can take a long time not only to design. . Thus it helps the developer to save time and money. Helps the researcher to gain answers to embarrassing questions. People are more likely to tell the truth if they can do so anonymously than if they have to tell an interviewer face to face. They can also be useful for collecting sensitive information. Thus it will help the developer to get correct information about the system development. They usually are self-administered by the respondent. People find difficult to answer the questions if they are not self- explained. As questionnaires are made to be self-answered. Therefore it helps the developer to get information which he wants from the user. Categorizing the responses of open-ended questions may require use of content analysis. The open ended questions help the developer to get information about the features of the software. It helps to get information from different type of people. The developer cannot go to each and every person. Therefore by distributing the questionnaires to large group of people helps the developer to get wide range of solution for the system. ( Milne, 1999) Some disadvantages of questionnaires: Questionnaires, like many evaluation methods occur after the event, so participants may forget important issues. Questionnaires are standardized so it is not possible to explain any points in the questions that participants might misinterpret. This could be partially solved by piloting the questions on a small group of students or at least friends and colleagues. It is advisable to do this anyway. Open-ended questions can generate large amounts of data that can take a long time to process and analyses. One way of limiting this would be to limit the space available to students so their responses are concise or to sample the students and survey only a portion of them. Respondents may answer superficially especially if the questionnaire takes a long time to complete. The common mistake of asking too many questions should be avoided. Students may not be willing to answer the questions. They might not wish to reveal the information or they might think that they will not benefit from responding perhaps even be penalized by giving their real opinion. Students should be told why the information is being collected and how the results will be beneficial. They should be asked to reply honestly and told that if their response is negative this is just as useful as a more positive opinion. If possible the questionnaire should be anonymous. ( Milne, 1999) Name: Date: Questioners for Patient System Name: Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine 1. Do you have an Internet connection at home? Yes No 2. What kind of mobile phone do you use? A basic phone just for calling JAVA based mobile Smart Phone (e.g. -Nokia Symbian Phone, Windows Mobile ) Mobile Computer ( e.g.- Google Android Phone, Nokia N900 ) No Idea 3. Do you use internet in your mobile phone? Yes No 4.Which bowsers you used most? IE Opera Mizilla Firfox Google Chrome Safari 5. Have you use any online virtual medical diagnosis or virtual doctor earlier? Yes (Please mention name of the application) No 6. How often do you visit internet? Everyday Two to three times a week Once a week Once a month or less 7. In this system we offer two kind of medical diagnosis. Which one you prefer most? By software. By doctor through chat or video conference Questions used for data gathering 8. For what kind of diseases you like to use this online Smart Medical Diagnosis For minor issue For common diseases like cold, fever. For all kind of diseases that can be diagnosis through online. 9. What kind of current technology is best for you to contact with a your Doctor through online? Text Chat Voice Chat Video Confersing Email Forum 10.How this system will help you? It will save your time and money because you dont need to visite a doctors clinic. It will increase your knowledge in medicine It will help you when you dont get a doctor nearby. Name: Date: Questioners for Doctor System Name: Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine 1. Do you think that it is possible to diagnosis patient using computer software? Yes No Please give some reason of your answer .. 2. Is it possible for a doctor to diagnosis a remote patient by using a text chat or video chat Yes No Please give some reason of your answer 3. Do you think medicine search engine will help doctor because of they dont need to remember all the name and works of medicines. Yes No 4. Is BMI Calculator, BMR Calculator, Body Fat Calculator health tool box will helpful for a doctor to diagnosis a patient? Yes No 5. What kind of diseases can be diagnosis through online? For minor issue For common diseases like cold, fever. For all kind of diseases that can be diagnosis through online. 6. What kind of current technology is best for you to diagnosis patient through online ? Text Chat Voice Chat Video Confersing Anyother (Please mention the name of the technology below) .. .. 7. Do you think this system will help patient when they dont get a doctor nearby or patient dont have a time to visit a doctors clinic for a minor or common health issue ? Yes No (Please give some reason of your ) . .. 4.2. Secondary Research 4.2.1. Methodology Reasons for choosing the WebE process model: This project is an web based project and WebE is the best model compare to other models for web development. The WebE process model defines a few testing strategies which are optimized for a web application. These techniques are not found under any under any other software development model. With the project being an evolutionary product, the room for evolution in the WebE development model makes it worthwhile to follow. WebE model deliverables such as navigational design, architectural design, content design and configuration design are received at the end of Engineering phase. These deliverables plays a major role in future development phase acting as a reference model, ensuring quality of the final product developed. So it is all the more preferable to follow WebE model. (S. Murugesan, Y. Deshpande, S. Hansen and A. Ginig, 1999) WebE process model gives the developer the desired flexibility to support scope refinement after increments. CMS based system changed and increment day by day so this model is perfects this project. 4.2.2. Technical Research 4.2.2.1. Platform and Programming Language Research In todays internet market is dominated by three Platforms PHP (PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor) With Apache ASP.NET With IIS JSP (JavaServer Pages) For this project I am going to use PHP add Apache as Platform. I choose PHP because of it is the only web based language I know. I have little idea about ASP.NET and JSP. PHP over ASP.NET PHP is an open source whereas ASP.NET comes under copyrighted Visual Studio from Microsoft. PHP is a relatively simpler language to use than ASP.net. Initially, PHP was written in the C programming language to replace a set of scripts in Perl. That is the reason why coding in PHP remains simple even today. Many developers find themselves to be more at ease with the user-friendly nature of PHP when it comes to coding. However, critics also count this advantage of PHP as a disadvantage. Some of them maintain that the language of PHP has not been updated much, and hence it is still quite archaic and even, somewhat cumbersome for coding. ASP.net, which is a relatively new development, has a lot of options when it comes to languages. Here, you can use languages such as C#, J#, C++ and VB.net. Hence, when it comes to sheer choice, ASP.net has better to offer. But PHP is no less, since it can do its task quite well, even with its minimum language tools. PHP is has much better support for the database management system, MySQL. In fact, the very popular blogging platform, WordPress uses the formidable combination of PHP coding on MySQL for its content management system, which includes about hundreds of thousands of blog posts every single day. Another very popular and frequently updated service that uses the combination of PHP and MySQL is Wikipedia. ASP.net can also support MySQL, but PHP is unanimously hailed, by the masses and classes alike, for its great support for this database management system. People who use both PHP and ASP.net also maintain their opinion that PHP is better for embedded support with another database management system, viz. SQLite. SQLite is described as a relational database management system and since it is contained in a C programming library, PHP can provide better support to it. Then to run ASP.NET we again need Windows which we will need to buy which will again incur some cost. But in case of PHP, it can be run on Linux again an open source free of cost. PHP is comparatively older than ASP.NET but newer versions are launching time to time. So we get more help in coding purposes in harder modules We can get plenty of expertise in PHP at a lower cost than ASP.NET. Size will be smaller and it will cost less at the same time, easy fast to open at client side. When it comes to support, PHP wins over ASP.net. The main reason for this is that PHP is open source. Hence, the support can come freely from all over the world. In most cases, PHP fixes are made instantly. Being open source also ensures that there are very few snags in PHP. While, ASP.net could take a while to make fixes. That is because it is owned by Microsoft, and it is the development team of Microsoft that will need to respond to the support query. That could take more time than the worldwide open source support that PHP is able to get. Most PHP supports can be instantly found online by doing a simple search on the Internet. Some of the providers of support for PHP are Zend, NuSphere and ThinkPHP. . PHP is free and 70% of dynamic websites are made of PHP. ther supported programming language is used HTML, XHTML, CSS, PHP, JAVASCRIPT, AJAX, JQUARY, and SQL 4.2.2.2. Database Management System (DBMS) Research MySQL5 vs. SQL Server 2005 Features MySQL5 SQL Server 2005 Os Support Windows, Mac, Linux, Unix Windows NT Licensing Free Commercial Closed Source Install/Maintenance Process Heard Easy Graphical View Designer Yes Yes Multi Row value insert Yes No Triggers Yes Yes Graphical Explain Tool no additional charge No Yes Pluggable Storage Engine Yes No (Hsu Obe, 2008) I choose MySQL 5 because it is free and open source provide full support. Lighter than SQL Server 2005 and run from all operating system available in the market. Hardware and Software Requirements to run this web application 5. Analysis and Design 5.1.1. Questionnaire Analysis 1. Do you have an Internet connection at home? Summary Value Percent % YES 100% NO 0% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Purpose To find that how many user have internet connectivity at their home or office Justification The above pie chart shows that computer all users have internet connection at their home. But in reality Only 5.3% people use internet in India. (Rameshjeee, 2008) . 2. What kind of mobile phone do you use? Value Percent % Basic Phone 15% Java Phone 50% Smart Phone 30% Mobile Computer 5% Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Purpose For designed Mobile site I need to know what kind of mobile are used by user. Justification Above chart shows that 15 % of user use basic phone which not able to connect with internet. But other 90% phone use can access internet from their mobile phone. JAVA based phone are not able to display mobile and WAP pages. But now days WAP services are out-dated. But latest JAVA based phone has inbuilt web browser it able to open any web site expect some flash based web site. So I as a developer try to design mobile site that can open from JAVA based phone. 3. Do you use internet in your mobile phone? Value Percent % YES 70% NO 30% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Purpose To find that how many user use mobile internet connection. Justification The graph shows that 70% people use internet in their phone. So user can access this system from anywhere. 4. Which bowsers you used most? Value Percent % IE 20% Opera 10% Mozilla 40% Chrome 15% Safari 15% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Purpose To find that how many user using what browser. Justification This will help me to design the CSS of the web site. Because all browsers are interpret html data little different way. 6. Have you use any online virtual medical diagnosis or virtual doctor earlier? Value Percent % Yes 10% No 90% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification If I know what user like and kind of system he/she currently using then will it helps me to make better system. 7. In this system we offer two kind of medical diagnosis. Which one you prefer most? Value Percent % Software 25% Doctor 75% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification I want to know what kind of diagnosis like most by user. So majority of user want to diagnosis by Human doctor. 8. For what kind of diseases you like to use this online Smart Medical Diagnosis? Value Percent % Minor Issue 30% Common Diseases 70% All kind of diseases 0% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification This will help me to understand when and in what condition patient want to use this system. 9. What kind of current technology is best for you to contact with a your Doctor through online? Value Percent % Text Chat 10% Voice Chat 20% Video Confersing 7% Email 0 Forum 0 Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification This will help me to understand what kind of technology user want to contact with doctor. 70 % user said Video Confersing but at this movement this is not fisible for me to develop. So I desiced for to implemnt text chat first then I try to implement Video Confersing. 10. How this system will help you? Value Percent % Save Time Money 60% Increase your knowledge 30% When you dont get a doctor 10% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification This will help me to understand what kind of technology user want to contact with doctor. 70 % user said Video Confersing but at this movement this is not fisible for me to develop. So I desiced for to implemnt text chat first then I try to implement Video Confersing. 1. Do you think that it is possible to diagnosis patient using computer software? Summary Value Percent % YES 100% NO 0% Statistics Choices Selected: 10 Total Responses: 10 Justification I just want know what a doctor think about this Smart Medical Diagnosis system concept. If doctors think it is not possible to make software that cans diagnosis a patients common diseases. Why he think it is not possible. If I figure out the solution then I can make this system. But above pie chart shows all doctor think that it is possible. 2. Is it possible for a doctor to diagnosis a remote patient by using a text chat or video chat? Summary Value Percent % YES 90% NO 10% Statistics Choices Selected: 10 Total Responses: 10 Justification This will help me to understand how a doctor can diagnosis a patient through internet and what kind of problems the doctor face to diagnosis a disease through internet. This information will help me to design a better system that can be useful for a doctor. Above pie chart shows that 90% doctors are think that medical diagnosis for common diseases can be done using internet. 5. What kind of diseases can be diagnosis through online? Value Percent % Minor Issue 100% Common Diseases 100% All kind of diseases 60% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification If I know what kind of diseases can be diagnosis through online? This will help to make the database and design. From above chart we come to know that doctors thinks minor issue and common diseases can be 100% diagnosis and cured by remote diagnosis using internet. 7. Do you think this system will help patient when they dont get a doctor nearby or patient dont have a time to visit a doctors clinic for a minor or common health issue ? Summary Value Percent % YES 100% NO 0% Statistics Choices Selected: 10 Total Responses: 10 Justification This will help me to understand is this system going to help the user. And how can I make this system better. 2. Is it possible for a doctor to diagnosis a remote patient by using a text chat or video chat? Summary Value Percent % YES 90% NO 10% Statistics Choices Selected: 10 Total Responses: 10 Justification This will help me to understand how a doctor can diagnosis a patient through internet and what kind of problems the doctor face to diagnosis a disease through internet. This information will help me to design a better system that can be useful for a doctor. Above pie chart shows that 90% doctors are think that medical diagnosis for common diseases can be done using internet. 5.2. System Design After a thorough analysis and research, the developer is in acquisition with ample amount of information to model the proposed system. There are several ways to model and design systems, using different modelling diagrams. System models Abstract descriptions of systems whose requirements are being analysed Formal methods Techniques and notations for the unambiguous specification of software Objectives To explain why the context of a system should be modelled as part of the requirements engineering process To describe behavioural modelling, data modelling and object modelling To introduce some of the notations used in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) To introduce formal methods and formal modeling approachesin a timing sequence. The Unified Modelling Language Devised by the developers of object-oriented analysis and design methods 5.2.1. Requirement Analysis and Modelling After completing the requirement modelling it becomes easier to proceed with actual modelling such as Class diagrams, Database design and Interface design. To explain the state and behaviour of the classes to be used, the developer has decided to use the Class diagrams. Entity relationship diagrams will be used for the databases. As a developer I use use-case context diagram to specific user classes on the basis of audience classes. Some use-cases are designed to show some special goal. Use Case diagrams have been followed by Use Case specification (textual use-cases). Sequence Diagrams have also been used to explain those scenarios within the use case where group of objects will collaborate and communicate with each other in a timing sequence. 5.2.1.1. Use-Case Context Diagram 5.2.1.1.1. Use Case List ID Use Case Name Description 1 Login Allows user to login and gain access to their role specific user panel 2 Register Doctor Allows admin Register Doctor. 3 manage user account Allows authorized users to view, add, edit and delete Users. 4 Chat Allows patient to chat with doctor 5 manage patient Doctor can manage patient data 6 Customisation Edit web pages. Add, delete, create new pages using CMS 7 Medicine search Allows doctor to search medicine and its details. 8 Forum Allow user to create thread 9 health tools Allows user to use some health tools 10 Upload medical history Allows patient to upload their medical history 11 Symptom checker Check symptom for diseases 5.2.1.1.2. Actors Description ID Actor Name Description 1 Admin Administrator who manages, monitors, sets up the system as well as carry out certain company specific customisation. 2 Patient The user who manages and monitors operation within a single branch. 3 Doctor The office users who belong to a particular branch and carry out customer service duty as well as manage branch specific shipment. 6 Unregistered user Customer or Site Visitors who have not registered themselves with the company. 5.2.1.1. Use-Case Context Diagram Final Year Project Documentation Page | 18 Abhijit Roy (PTL00782212) Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases

How to Write a Controversial Topics Essay

How to Write a Controversial Topics EssayA controversial topics essay is an essay that contains a story that is controversial in nature. This essay may be about a society, a political theory, a religion, or any other controversial subject matter. The essay may also contain poetry, drama, novels, drama, and any other form of literature. Because of the nature of the topic, this type of essay will be examined in a specific way.The first thing to do when writing a controversial topic essay is to determine if the topic is actually a topic that is controversial. This is important, because if it is not then it is most likely not the type of essay that you would want to write. In fact, this is probably one of the worst types of essays you could ever write.Once you know that the topic is actually a topic that is controversial, you need to think about how you are going to present the main points of the topic. Some topics are controversial because of what they say, and some topics are controver sial because of how they say them. For example, in the cases of politics, religion, and government, there is usually an argument that is made about whether or not the main point of the topic is actually true. Thus, if you are trying to write a controversial topics essay, then you have to think about the 'truth' that you are trying to express, and what exactly you are trying to do with your writing.After you have determined what the topic is, you need to look at the arguments that are being made for and against the topic. This is often done in 'name calling' format. If the subject is religious, for example, there could be a few different arguments that can be made about the reason that the faith system is as it is. After this is done, you need to come up with a unique topic statement, which you can then use as the basis for the rest of your essay.Writing the topic is not an easy task. It requires thought and the ability to weigh all sides of the argument. You can do this by taking a look at all the topics that are written about the topic you are interested in writing about and deciding which ones are well-written and which ones are not, and by reading those topics and coming up with your own version of the controversial topics essay.When writing a controversial topics essay, you will have to have a thought-out conclusion for the topic, and at the same time you will have to come up with a conclusion on how to represent your main point of the topic. Then, you need to put that information into your essay and compile it in such a way that it looks like a well-written article.Finally, when writing a controversial topics essay, you should always keep in mind that you are writing for your audience. Many times, a good controversial topics essay will not end up getting a lot of readers, but if you can come up with an interesting, well-written, and well-presented essay, you will most likely end up getting a great deal of attention. There are many topics that are controve rsial, and this is one of the reasons why so many people are interested in writing these essays.

Twelve Tribes of Israel

The Twelve Tribes of Israel represent the traditional divisions of the Jewish people in the biblical era. The tribes were Reuben, Simeon, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Benjamin, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Ephraim and Manasseh. The Torah, the Jewish Bible, teaches that each tribe was descended from a son of Jacob, the Hebrew forefather who became known as Israel. Modern scholars disagree. The Twelve Tribes in the Torah Jacob had two wives, Rachel and Leah, and two concubines, by whom he had 12 sons and a daughter. Jacobs favorite wife was Rachel, who bore him Joseph. Jacob was quite open about his preference for Joseph, the prophetic dreamer, above all others. Josephs brothers were jealous and sold Joseph into slavery in Egypt. Josephs rise in Egypt—he became a trusted vizier of the pharaoh—encouraged the sons of Jacob to move there, where they prospered and became the Israelite nation. After Josephs death, an unnamed Pharaoh makes slaves of the Israelites; their escape from Egypt is the subject of the Book of Exodus. Under Moses and then Joshua, the Israelites capture the land of Canaan, which is divided up by tribe. Of the remaining ten tribes, Levi was scattered throughout the region of ancient Israel. The Levites became the priestly class of Judaism. A portion of the territory was given to each of Josephs sons, Ephraim and Menasseh. The tribal period endured from the conquest of Canaan through the period of Judges until the kingship of Saul, whose monarchy brought the tribes together as one unit, the Kingdom of Israel. Conflict between Sauls line and David created a rift in the kingdom, and the tribal lines reasserted themselves. Historical View Modern historians consider the notion of the twelve tribes as descendants of a dozen brothers to be simplistic. It is more likely that the story of the tribes was one created to explain affiliations between groups inhabiting the land of Canaan subsequent to the writing of the Torah. One school of thought suggests that the tribes and their story arose in the period of the Judges. Another holds that the federation of the tribal groups happened after the flight from Egypt, but that this united group didnt conquer Canaan at any one time, but rather occupied the country bit by bit. Some scholars see the tribes supposedly descended from the sons born to Jacob by Leah— Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Zebulun and Issachar—to represent an earlier political grouping of six that was expanded by later arrivals to twelve. Why Twelve Tribes? The flexibility of the twelve tribes—the absorption of Levi; the expansion of Josephs sons into two territories—suggests that the number twelve itself was an important part of the way the Israelites saw themselves. In fact, biblical figures including Ishmael, Nahor, and Esau were assigned twelve sons and subsequently nations divisible by twelve. The Greeks also organized themselves around groups of twelve (called amphictyony) for sacred purposes. As the unifying factor of the Israelite tribes was their dedication to a single god, Yahweh, some scholars argue that the twelve tribes are simply an imported social organization from Asia Minor. The Tribes and Territories Eastern  · Judah · Issachar · Zebulun Southern  · Reuben · Simeon · Gad Western  · Ephraim · Manesseh · Benjamin Northern  · Dan · Asher · Naphtali Although Levi was dishonored by being denied territory, the tribe of Levi became the highly honored priestly tribe of Israel. It won this honor because of its reverence for Yahweh during the Exodus.

Investigation On The Motivation Behind Addiction Essay

Investigation on the Motivation behind Addiction Menaka Serres Hunter College City University of New York Abstract Addiction and its many implications has been a topic of great research and conversation. For centuries, we have associated addiction with drugs, however, addictive tendencies and the motivation behind addictive behavior is not only about the object or the individual but about the bonding and connection that it provides to the individual. In other words, the issue that that is being brought to light is not the problematic consequences that arise from the object of addiction but more so that the motivation behind addiction to anything—even T.V. is related to the human need for connection and bonding. Often times, this need is over looked and really not associated with addiction. Thus compelling research suggests that sociality and connection is far more central to the conversation of addiction than most expect it to. Interventions such Motivational Interviewing therapy have shown to address substance abuse. Changing unhealthy lifestyle behaviors is an important issue. A ke y barrier to behavior change is a lack of motivation. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a counseling approach designed to promote behavior change. It aims to strengthen personal motivation for, and commitment to a specific goal by eliciting and exploring the person s own reasons for change within an atmosphere of acceptance and compassion. In this regard, theShow MoreRelatedMotivation and the Brain Paper1098 Words   |  5 PagesMotivation and the Brain Paper Neuroscience and psychology seem to have been working together to try to understand how and why certain behaviors transpire in a person’s personality, and what makes or motivates a person to do the things they do. One of the most analyzed wonders that mark motivation, the thought developments, and the social interaction, is the analysis of drug obsession. 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