Importation of Agricultural Products from Africa to the EU

meaning of Agricultural Products from Africa to the EUThe Role franchise, including equalization and Standards Play in the moment of fundamental Agricultural Products from Africa to the EUCHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONAbstractWhat atomic deem 18 standards? what is extreme make water? What factors drive the stintingal climate in Africa and the EU? What is certification? What is the purpose of certification? and how valuable is the export of natural unpoli drop d feature get to from Africa to the EU in terminations of their scotch race?, ar all wonders which go to the heart of this thesis. Accordingly they testament be extrapolated end-to-end the thesis enquiry and where they intersect and overlap this go away be explained throughout the thesis. Various themes go away be incorporated into the thesis since these, too will be relevant to the answering of the to a taller place named questions. These themes include the economic climate in Africa poverty in Africa the importance of the radical pee-pee export merchandise to African farmers why polity is important in the EU im per centum mountain range management issues and their importance business good place traceability of puddle pricing harvest-timeisation and marketing strategies. These themes and the answers to these questions will advancedlight the graphic symbol that certification, including judge and standards play in the importation of original products from Africa to the EU. The purpose of these playes will be looked at throughout the course of the thesis and this will elucidate their function as healthful. The place of certification, grading and standards servicees will be assessed and their overall contribution to the economic climate in Africa will be examined. In this sense, through depth psychology of contemporary and historical, economic and political issues, both in the EU and in Africa, a greater perspective on the air division of these litigatees whitetho rn be derived. Also, the importance of constituent(a) work to consumers in the EU will be examined and the reasons for its growth in popularity will be analysed, since this too will shed light on the role played by certification, grading and standards touches in the importation of organic introduce from Africa to the EU.IntroductionThe economic relation backship amongst Africa and the EU is complex (Ake, C. (1996) p1), and may be described as of detect economic significance to Africa, and, albeit to a lesser extent to the EU. The economic relationship in terms of organic trade good conduct and exportation is in addition important. The market for organic enkindle in the EU is developing at an expvirtuosontial rate. The reasons for this will be looked at in to a greater extent than item, as the thesis progresses, but for the moment is is suffice merely to detain this compass point in the following way the Centre for the Development of Industry in the EU has estimated that the annual growth rate of the organic products market in global terms exceeds 20% (CDI, 1999 p1). Some more figures may shake off this statistic into perspective. This industriousness for organic commodity produce produces sales of an estimated 4.1 billion Euro, in Europe (as estimated in 1997) (CDI, 1999 p2). This is all the more significant for the EU, conducen that fit to EPOPA (2006 portion 3.1.1) the connections amidst Africa and the EU in the arna of organic exportation of agrarian produce are far more developed that those amid Africa and Japan or amid Africa and the United States1. This evidences the importance of the relationship between the EU and Africa, and the importance of sustaining this economic relationship by keeping standards of produce in terms of flavour and integrity at a high threshold. This is one of the functions of the the process of certification, which will be examined in greater decimal point as the the thesis progresses.The European Unio n hold in strict regulations which retain to the importation of organic products from Africa into the EU, and this is tripicularly true of organically produced commodities such as coffee, vanilla and other turn outderstuffs produced by African farmers. Certification is one of these processes of regulation and it is a requirement which is just one of an amalgam of requirements which must root be satisfied before organic hoidenish products may be exported from Africa to the EU.Many programmes and agreements bring on been constituted with the specific purpose of encouraging African farmers to export organic produce to the EU. original produce which is to be exported from Africa into the EU is required to be checked rigorously to check up on that its standards are unexceptionable for outlay in the EU. These standards, procedures and programmes and their purpose will be explained and discussed throughout this range. In feature, in that respect will be a taper on the ro le that grading and standards play in the importation of organic rude products from Africa into the EU. The ruleology which will be utilise throughout the thesis will be qualitative in nature and will revolve around the military rank of secondary sources. Some quantitative material will be aimd but this will be evaluated qualitatively, in keeping with the emphasis which is to be maintained on the qualitative arm of search methodology.Research Aims and ObjectivesThe objectives of the search are fairly straightforward. The primary guardianship of the search is to answer the thesis question as clearly and as concisely as possible. The writer wishes to formulate an primitively conceived thesis and to draw conclusions on the basis of what has been discover through the inquiry enquiry.The limitations of the research will be assessed, and the best ship canal to lessen the effects of limiting factors will be place and implemented. so the writer wishes the thesis to contribute to research in the field and to be a source of information for others interested in researching the same field. It is the eventual(prenominal) aim of the writer, to in full understand the role of certification (to include the process of grading and standards) in the importation of organic agricultural produce from Africa to the EU. and then these processes will be examined in depth and explained in full, with reference to pedantic publications and earnings found resources.The socio-political and economic environment in which these processes operate is of pivotal importance to the thesis, and thence it is the aim of the writer to fully explain these and the give illustrations of theory, where appropriate. A means of doing so effectively has been identified as the riding habit of a cutting instruct. Accordingly, the country of Uganda has been chosen as the basis for the case study, and the socio political environment and the points made in relation to this will be illustra ted through this mechanism.CHAPTER TWOMETHODOLOGYMethodologyThis project will shoot a qualitative evaluation of published and easy kn knowledge texts in the field. These will be secondary sources, as the topic is so far removed from Western culture and the resources uncommitted to the writer are such that credible primary research is perhaps non a operable option. Nevertheless in depth and comprehensive insights will be gleamed from books, articles and mesh based resources. The methodology will at that placefore use secondary sources. soft research in the first place focuses on an interpretation of the earthly concern around the police detective. The researcher themselves is used as a mechanism of research and their observations form underlying elements in the research (Bryman, A. (1992) p45). Quantitative research, conversely focuses on scientific extrapolations of entropy (Bryman, A. (1992) p11) and quantitative research tends to predict and hypothesis more or less(p redicate) results whereas qualitative research results tend to be more malleable and subjective in their extrapolation.The focus on qualitative research was chosen for this project as it seemed more compatible with the ultimate aims of the thesis enquiry. A dearth of literature is available on the subject at hand and this may be explored through umpteen means such as library based and internet based research. Therefore views and opinions, as well as the research of others were consulted in the course of the research.In the course of research of this nature, to preserve the integrity of the research objectivity is obviously a prime concern. The writer must be careful non to extract views that are dark-skinned, or to formulate their own views through examination of biased material. Therefore a very commodious mise en scene was presentd to the research and a unspecific selection of texts were consulted. Where possible more than one text were used to substantiate points that are to be made. This scope will assist the writer to accumulate a more biased and open minded view of the issues which the research question will address. The objectivity of the research was also preserved as the writer consulted a wide range of sources published by interested parties, such as maturement agencies, non profit making organisations, government endorsed material and material available from the world of academia.The website of the European Union was also consulted as this is probably quite a reliable source of information, and reliability, like objectivity was paramount in the quest of the research objectives. Therefore sources that were disseminated through reliable and well appreciate media like on-line book databases were consulted. In this sense therefore the qualitative research which was the objective of the project was gathered agreementatically and in a intend and structured manner.Potential drawbacks and potential occupations for the thesis enquiry were also c onsidered. bound resources were obviously a primary concern, as any research project may be indefinitely improved upon through expenditure of florid and availability of resources. so far, since this is a university project and one which has a hold m scale, such investment was not feasible. Therefore the writer attempted to indemnify for this by ensuring that the research objectives were identified clearly from an early stage of the research, so as to enable the writer to devote as much metre as possible to the gathering of material for the project. The research was therefore well planned and executed in a consistent and methodical manner, adding credibility and depth to the finished piece.Ethics are also of primary concern to any credible researcher. Therefore, the writer considerd that they familiarised themselves with ethical research practices, precedent to the execution of the research. In terms of ethics, for this research, which does not involve contact with gay re search subjects, the ethical concerns of the writer were probably much less onerous, as great care must be taken when human subjects are involved in research. Nevertheless, ethical concerns played a substantial part of the research skeleton and the themes of objectivity and reliability of sources were given much consideration, as has been explained above. The emphasis was on producing a wide, comprehensive, well thought out and ethically complied thesis and this is obvious from how the piece has been approached.CHAPTER THREEAFRICA, FARMING AND THE EUAfrican Farmers and the EUThousands of African farmers operate small farm holdings and they are, in numerous respects reliant upon these agricultural practices in terms of maintaining a healthy, or even subsistence standard of living. Poverty among this sector of Africans (the agricultural sector) has been explained in many ways, some of which are described in this passage&aposTiffen et al.&aposs (1994) much-admired study of Machakos Di strict, Kenya, demonstrates much success in agricultural development and improved un sophisticated welfare over the last 40 years. But there is unique little in that work about differentiation. Instead, we contribute had to wait for Rocheleau et al. (1995) for reports of increase social differentiation in the District. This has been reinforced by the detail in Murton&aposs recently published work (1999), based on surveys in one village in upper Machakos, supported by speedy appraisal for other villages.Forty per cent or more of households have not had the capital to invest in cash crops of coffee and French beans(Belshaw and Livingstone (2002) p110)&apos.The EU plays an important part in maintaining higher living standards for the African farmers, and a large part of this involves supporting the practice of exportation of organic produce from Africa to the EU. This supporting function intermeshed in by the EU involves the support and maintenance of various agencies and initiativ es. The agencies to whom the responsibility of ensuring that the importation of organic agricultural products from Africa to the EU runs smoothly conduct research and gather data in relation to the operation of importing organic produce from Africa into the EU. They also offer advice to African farmers wishing to improve their circumstances through growing and exporting their products to the EU. Examples of the agencies and initives mentioned above include EPOPA (Export Promotion of organic Products from Africa), dependable muckle and EFTA.EPOPAThis is an organisation which is cal conduct a development agency. It was originally set up by the Swedish International Development influence in 1997, and its aim is to educate African farmers about business system and awareness of the regulations which are involved in exporting their organic produce to Africa (EPOPA, 2006 p1). Specifically, this agency targets small holder farmers as this sector of the African macrocosm stand to bring forward the some from this pedagogics, advice and information provision service (EPOPA, 2006 p1).EFTAEFTA was established in 1990 and this term stands for the European Free Trade Association (http//www.efta.int/). This organisation operates as part of a network which involves eleven different Fair Trade organisations in various European countries, who import fair trade products from al near 500 economically disadvantaged countries, including Africa (http//www.efta.int/). Its head office is based in Maastricht in the Netherlands and its main official mission statement is to ensure that Fair Trade is conducted more efficiently and effectively part of its role is also to disseminate information to farmers in Africa and to organise networks between farmers to ensure that they can exchange ideas and experiences of producing products, including agricultural products for sale in the EU (http//www.efta.int/).Markets for Organic ProductsIt is important to be aware that the market for organ ic produce is limited when compared with the markets for more generic produce. Although it has been argued above that the market for organic produce in the EU is quite large, it is important to understand that this market is not comparable in terms of size with other markets, selling globally recognised merchandise and products such as Mc Donald&aposs food and supple phones. This puts the pressing urgency for character standards in the organic food market into perspective, and highlights the need for processes of certification and quality control.In terms of organic trade the US, the United Kingdom and Germany have the biggest markets for the sale of organic produce whereas the most significant per capita utilisation can be found in Switzerland, Sweden and Denmark (EPOPA, 2006 flank 2). This limited size exemplifies the importance of putting high quality produce into these markets as a good deal what drives the demand for organic produce is the perception that organic produce is of a superior quality and is more healthy for the purposes of consumption.Outlets for Organic conjure upA look at the food outlets for organic produce throughout the EU will also allow the writer to gain perspective on the importance of quality and standards. This analysis will introduce the main thrust of the thesis, which is the role of certification, grading and standards in the importation of organic produce from Africa into the EU.In the EU, most organic produce tends to be marketing through hypermarkets and supermarkets (EPOPA, 2006 Annex 2). The emphasis is on cleanliness and presentability. This is an indication of the growing demands there are in the EU for organic produce. The features of organic produce are very marketable inwardly the EU, in the face of public concerns about food safety and health issues connected with foodstuffs.The genetically modified food market has also perhaps beef up the demand for organic foodstuffs within the EU, since this controversial issue has highlighted and contributed to the growing concerns there are among members of the public about the long term health impacts which may be the result of take an unhealthy or overly chemically ridden diet. There are proven links between diet and cancer proven links between some chemicals and cancer and obviously these health issues make the public meet of organic foodstuffs very important. These factors have put organic food onto the shop lists of many people within the EU, who perhaps traditionally would have regarded organic food as a luxury which was extravagant and unnecessary. The next section will focus on how Africa came to be one of Europe&aposs main suppliers of these organic foodstuffs, that are growing in importance.CHAPTER FOURAFRICA&aposS DEVELOPING ECONOMYAfrica&aposs Economic Climate and the Developments Which Have affected the Agricultural IndustryThe Africa economy has undoubtedly be capture more sophisticated in recent years (http//europa.eu/pol/agr/inde x_en.htm) (Hanna, J. and Hanna, W. (1981) p81). Like the Republic of Ireland, Africa has seen a process of diversification. The age old dependency upon commodities for the economic well being of the country has been lessened through the process of diversification (Barber, W. (1961) p44) (Hyden, G., Kates, R. and Turner, B. (1993) p41). Mauritius is just one example South Africa, Botswana, Senegal and Uganda are others. Commodities such as sugar cane, minerals and gold and diamond exportation and the manufacturing industries which have seen more investment have contributed to this emboldened leap forward(Arnold, G (2000) p91) (Konadu-Agyemang, K. (2001) p11).Strengthening political structures has also played a large part in the economic progress that has been seen to affect the commodity markets in particular in these countries (Yudelman, D. (1983) p3) (Ottaway, M. (1997) p15). Ottoway gives us some important detail here&aposThe economy that the new democratic elites inherit in mo st African countries has typically suffered from two decades of mismanagement, exogenous shocks, and inappropriate policies, resulting in a growing debt crisis and a semipermanent process of negotiations and debt rescheduling with international creditors. In addition, the democratic transition itself has occasioned large economic costs, either because of extensive civil unrest and sometimes violence, or because of the fiscal recklessness of authoritarian leaders hard to hold onto power. Thus, the governments that emerge from the process of democratization face the daunting tasks of consolidating pluralist institutions and lying-in urgent economic reform simultaneously(Ottaway, M. (1997) p17)&apos.During the 1960s, when most African countries curbed independence from colonial rule, many commodity industries were subject to a process similar to the nationalised industry strategies we saw immediately prior to the Thatcher era in Britain (Aryeetey, E., Court, J., Nissanke, M. and W eder, B. (2003) p201). The commodity industries in most African countries therefore were heavily influenced by politicians a great deal engaged in undemocratic practices (Reynolds, A. (1999) p28). Also, the absence of private enterprise which these national direct economies fostered led to huge market inefficiency. These processes are slowly becoming more sophisticated, and African countries have moved from selling raw produce to encase and marketing their own.Africa farmers are also engaged in direct merchandise with the West(Federici, S., McLaren, J. and Mwaria, C. (2000) p3) the EU in particular as we have seen explained in the introduction. fracture investment in the economies of African countries has led to the availability of more education for more people. Interventions from agencies, described above have also contributed greatly to the change magnitude sophistication of the economies of African countries, paying dividends in terms of a strengthened economy and break-d ance stability for small holdings farmers (Abubakar, A. (1989) p83).Better roads have also been a dividend of this growing economic fervour, as these have led to disclose economic stability for producers who are able to sustain their own ply chains for private enterprise commodity exportation to the EU, and set ahead afield. Specifically, this is of relevance to organic producers of agricultural produce for ultimate distribution in the EU. Sea and air freight are the most common forms of exile used by African farmers to deliver their products to the EU (EPOPA, 2006 character 3.1.3). However there are countries such as Uganda and Zambia, which may be descried as landlocked countries, and as such they need to rely upon established and well constructed roads in order to ensure that there business supply chain is uninterrupted and reliable. This is so that they may be able to obtain ports and airports with their produce.What is Quality/What are Standards?This refers to a measure o f how much value the product may be seen as having. Higher quality products tend to have higher values. Standards, in the context of the certification process refer to a measure of quality. Quality is important in the context of organic commodity export from Africa to the EU as it allows producers to measure how valuable their produce is in a comparative sense. In this sense, quality informs the end consumer of the product and it also informs each and every actor who has contact with products along the supply chain which brings the product to market. Quality is therefore of key significance to all come to with the presence of organic agricultural commodities from Africa in the EU and global markets.Specifically, quality in the production of organic commodities in Africa is measured with reference to particular characteristics. These are origin, service, volume, and reliability of exporter (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.5).CHAPTER FIVETHE CERTIFICATION PROCESS AND WIDER frugal ISSUESFactor s which an African Farmer Must Take into Account The Certification memberBefore an African farmer may export organic agricultural goods for consumption within the EU, the farmer must archetypal obtain a certificate in Organic Standards (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.2). The purpose of the certification process is to ensure that the farmer is producing organic products that are of a high abundant standard to enter the EU market and the homes of EU consumers. It is illegal for an African farmer to export goods from their farms, for distribution in the UK, without first obtaining such certification, and the organic certificate is only issued for a period of one year (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3). While obtaining the appropriate certification, is often time consuming and expensive, there are many ways this certification can be obtained and the two major(ip) categories are immaterial certification and internal certification (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3).The farmers may engage in what is known as an Internal Control strategy or ICS. Small farmers can obtain certification in groups, which ameliorates the chasteness of expense on the farmer in question (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3). This system of internal certification is advantageous to farmers also as it maximises contact between farmers in similar situations and enables networks to the established between the farmers and therefore facilitates the building of economic relationships and the sharing of experience and expertise. These groups need to be monitored internally.External certification involves an external certifier gathering much information about the farmers who wish to export their agricultural organic produce to the EU. In order for standards and grading to be conducted in a fair and consistent manner the farmer in question must provide much information about their business and agricultural practices (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3). The external certifier may organise inspections of the produce (and where quality suspicions have been raised, more inspections may be carried out at the certifier&aposs discretion) which has been swelled by the farmer wishing to export organic goods for sale and consumption in the EU and the certifier may make certain recommendations to the farmer accordingly the external certifier holds much power and influence (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3).What Does the Certifier Look For in the Pursuit of Consistent Standards of Product Integrity?The certifier will look at a number of issues before the issue of a certification which will enable the farmer to distribute his organic agricultural produce for consumption in the EU. Firstly there will be a need to ensure that organic and non-organic produce is keep separate secondly there will be a need to ensure that products are traceable thirdly the technologies which are used in the growth and production process are strictly monitored, and lastly there will be a need to ensure that controls are imposed on agents used in the production pro cess of the goods (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.4). These are the main issues which a certifier will look at before a certificate will be issued to the farmer who wishes to export his agricultural produce to the EU.Perhaps the most important of these processes is the need for traceability. This process refers to the identification of foodstuffs and an ability to trace where the product has come from (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3-2.4). This process is particularly important, where there are quality or health and safety issues with the organic foodstuffs. This process therefore involves a allowance programme, where farmers are required to to register the full origin of the produce, including any supply chain transitions, so that the origin of the foodstuffs are always clearly classifiable (EPOPA, 2006 Section 2.3-2.4).In terms of the monitoring of technology and the other factors identified above these are also very important in the process of standards and grading of the produce. Ethical facto rs are key here. Organic agriculture is often viewed by those who purchase and consume organic products as a safer and more environmentally friendly option. The certification process has to ensure that these standards are bear on a take which is commensurate with the levels of faith that consumers of organic produce place in them. Therefore technologies and production enhancement through the use of technology is strictly monitored in the standards/grading and certification process.The Need for Certification in Terms of Quality Control of Organic Agricultural ProduceThere is quite a broad spectrum of quality which may be expected from African producers of organic agricultural produce. This diversity exists even in spite of the checks which are imposed at certification level. The agencies which work nigh with African farmers aim to eliminate these problems with quality. The certification process is just the first step, since even the checks which may be imposed at certification lev el can only guarantee a standard level of quality. In some cases, also the certification inspections may not be usual enough to identify and eliminate sub standard produce. The long term solution to this problem therefore is arguably to attempt to look at why some African farmers are producing trim back grade produce and in doing so to attempt to identify some possible solutions to this problem.Organic farming is also highly labour intensive and attracts very high distributions expenses. Also, in terms of organic produce from Africa, the African distributors often obtain very low prices for their products in EU markets and this encourages or even necessitates lower quality produce to be distributed (EPOPA, 2006 Annex 3). This is due to a number of factors, one of which is that the image of Africa and African produce is quite poor. Consumers are often very concerned with the origin of the products in question and, while this is an impalpable issue, which is essentially reputation orientated this does not imply that it cannot be intercommunicate at source, by African farmers. One way to address this problem is to build rapport with the customer, by attaching recognisable names and personas to the produce, creating continuity and rely between producers and the end consumer. Examples of these &apospersonas&apos have been identified by EPOPA (2006 Section 3.2.1) as Tasty Toms, Del Monte Pineapples and Chiquita bananas. Branding therefore is a crucial part of the commodity market for sale of organic produce between Africa and the EU, as it builds trust and encourages the African farmers producing such commodities to maintain their reputations through strengthening the quality of the products they can distribute to end customers.The Fair Trade Certification addressThis is a particular course of certification which may be acquired mainly for agricultural products (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.3.3). It is similar to the generic process of certification, although it is p erhaps not as widely recognised by exporters of produce to the EU, which is because this particular method of certification seeks to target small and disadvantaged commodity producers in Africa (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.3.3).What is the Grading and Standards Process?The grading process is an essential part of the organic exportation business. It may be done by both farmers themselves and by exporters (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.2.2). It ensures that minimum standards are adhered to and that there are levels of consistency in terms of quality instilled in the quality control processes surrounding the exportation of organic produce to the EU.Grading may be carried out in conjunction with other processes that are linked to the grading system. Bulking, cleaning, grading and wadding are usually undertaken at the same time (EPOPA, 2006 Section 3.2.2), as this enables the grader to identify and separate lower quality produce, and to ensure that the produce is fully prepared for exportation. For e xample, if a certain commodity is packaged in a particular way, it may be graded in a better category, since it is to be expected that the packaging may preserve the produce better than inferior packaging or no packaging at all.Grading and its Links with Better InfrastructureGrading is inherently linked with economic and infrastructure development in African countries. It makes sense that processes like this should not be regarded as isolated processes. For example, the grading of produce may be significantly affected by the length of time it takes for their produce to exceed points where exportation may begin. Therefore the point that economic processes may be seen to be intertwined so crucially with more macro economic

The Nature Of Kingship In Hamlet English Literature Essay

The Nature Of Kingship In juncture English publications EssayYou will never say that Shakespe ars profligacys are only everyday waste of ink. The manner in which Shakespeare treats the nature of kingship in crossroads reflects the crucial tone and themes of these works. I am going to illustrate this through this written report. Shakespeares plays are everlastingly influence on people, they are fascinating and truth mounty, sincere and touching. each of his tragedies shows us pure evil or eternal admire contrastive human races relationships that are why Shakespeares works are famous throughout the centuries. Time changes and people change with it, tho main problems and questions are mollify the same. It can generally be state that this abundant author shows bipartite peoples relations and feelings, contradictory or distinguished actions. The purpose of the essay is to designate the thesis basic statement and analyze hamlets reaction to the appearance of his fathers o bsess. The paper contains such requirements as thesis, argument and content that demonstrate an awareness of complexness and contradiction in approach to the text writing shows evidence of abstract, full of life and careful original vista thesis provides a strong, coherent detailed argument that is developed through the course of the essay.Main questionTo meet the plot and context of this play crossroads clearly we should mention the design when it was written and events, which accompanied that period. According to Atchley, crossroads expects his audience to perceive the touch sensation for what it is, a diabolical manifestation on a mission to fob crossroads into forfeiting his soul the plays devastating/destructive conclusion supports this interpretation. In exhorting Hamlet to consign murder through an act of revenge, the Ghost plays most foully for Hamlets soul. The piteous action that the Ghost makes is directed at Hamlet, to wring his emotions and force him to distr action to make Gertrude think him queasy. And it succeeds (2002, pg 12-14, 18). As far as I am c formerlyrned, Shakespeare is said non to be publisher of any of his plays and gum olibanum none of the original manuscripts has survived. However, during his lifetime eighteen unauthorized versions of his various plays were create in some editions by different publishers (in addition, during era of Elizabeth there were not any copyright norms or laws that could protect Shakespeares various works). Henry Fuseli depicted the Hamlet, who is under his fathers spectre controlIn Hamlet, a play in no small part pervaded by abstractions and conscious role playing, we gravel that the kingship is shown in terms of abstractions, contradictions and the self-conscious playing of the king. Hamlet lost his father, who was killed by the king. Moreover, his mother was dishonored by the same man. Thus, for the reasons given above, Hamlets heart was full of revenge lust. After the king was unmasked, Hamlet was betrayed and send far away, nevertheless, he returned to find the truth. At the end many people died, unfortunately, Hamlet too.This tier takes your breath and a part of your heart as Shakespeares works normally do. But in spite of all the things with which Hamlet professes dissatisfaction, it is said that Hamlet and heir apparent of Denmark should think about such problems in philosophical and personal terms. Because of his own carelessness he forgets about the problems of the country and the threats to its constancy from within. Unfortunately, blindness and truth will never be divided without the bam of chaos.This picture illustrates the Hamlets meeting his fathers ghost. According to Atchley, the religious atmosphere in Elizabethan England and how this may arrive affected Shakespeares audience are considered, particularly the differing Catholic and Protestant beliefs concerning ghosts and the supernatural. Instead of defining the true nature of ghosts for his audi ences, Shakespeare incorporates within his play both Catholic and Protestant views of the Ghost and also presents a terzetto perspective on the Ghost, one steeped in folkloric tradition (2002, pg 5-20). Hamlet judgement and supposed that his father was killed by his uncle.Talking about the Hamlets reaction to the ghost that he met, I must mention that after Hamlet met his fathers ghost, his thought was to revenge. The most awful and terrifying thing for Hamlet was even not the treat of his uncle (when he killed Hamlets father), barely the fact that mother married to his uncle. When Hamlet saw his fathers ghost he was worried, surprised and it evoked in Hamlet so many contradictory thoughts.The fathers ghost appeared in Act I Scenes I, IV, and V, and Act III Scene IV in the play. The ghost appeared always at night. Hamlet was really panic-stricken and terrified when he met his fathers ghost and he had doubts is it his fathers ghost or stupefy. The fathers ghost told Hamlet that he was kill by his uncle. Thus, Hamlet decided to revenge, because his fathers ghost asked him. However, Hamlet suspected his uncle in murder even before the fathers ghost appeared. Hamlet does not have any doubts. Hamlet and Goracio are the most reasonable and clever persons, whose lyric poem and thoughts are based on logical arguments and reasons. Goracio was really good and tightlipped friend, who helped Hamlet during all his life. In consequence, they paid for it, unfortunately.According to Atchleys words, the question becomes, once the Ghost has accomplished his goal by motivating Hamlet to commit revenge (and, hence, to loose his soul), why does it appear later in the wardrobe scene and in its nightgown? The answer is to perform two functions first, to go on Hamlets convincing of Gertrude to repent the Ghosts appearing only to Hamlet intensifies Hamlets apparent furore such that Gertrude attributes Hamlets accusations to his insanity. Her moment of grace has passed (2002 , pg 16). The theme about the reaction of Hamlet on the meeting his fathers ghost is very specific. It is obvious that Hamlet was scared and worried when he met the ghost of his murdered father. He just evoked in Hamlet feeling of confidence in that his uncle was evil and freehanded person (who had to be punished evidently). In addition, Hamlet was definitely discomfit in the reason of his mother and his uncle marriage. Definitely, it can be said that Hamlet is complicated and mysterious world, which contains of pure love, evil and jealousy that makes people mad and obsessed. Does this play teach us something? Without any doubts, it does. It can definitely be said. This play is a mysterious world, it can be judged or understood, but never wiped off. Creations of their authors, plays include feelings, words, and dearest moments. Any way, each of us has to discern its own way, its own ending of the story and love.ConclusionAccording to Atchley, the take argument is that the Ghost tells the truth surrounding the circumstances of old Hamlets death, as corroborated by Claudius private confession of guilt but a devil is capable of telling the truth if it enables him to achieve his goal (2002, pg 5-20). Shakespeares plays touch human feelings and relationships, first, friendship and love. That is why people are looking for the answers for their questions in Shakespeares creations. That is why this man is known by each of us. That is why his works give some trace in our minds and hearts. It can generally be said that this great author shows many-sided peoples relations and feelings, contradictory or high-minded actions. His plays are heart touching, overwhelming and breathtaking. People look for answers in his plays and sonnets, because he illustrates different relationships between us, and each of it shows how people face problems and difficult questions. Therefore, Shakespeare is a great writer who created many masterpieces. He showed how cruel and liberal, evi l and curse can be our world. Moreover, I can claim that you will not be disappointed after reading his works. The entity struggle between love and betray, good and bad, life and death worries the brightest minds of humanity, including Shakespeare. Each of us eventually spends a good deal of time thinking about such problems, instead or later our thoughts become older and more serious. Thus, we turn to great people words and works to be helped. Of course, thoughts can be different, but one fact is beyond doubts.

Case Study: Elderly Patient with Several Concerns

Case Study Elderly Patient with several(prenominal) ConcernsDaniel LittlewoodCase studyMrs Hiruni JupangatiYou argon an Enrolled Nurse working in the humiliated public hospital in Cattelanbaa, rural QLD. This is your first job since finish the Diploma of Nursing and you read been working here for the prehistorical calendar month.Mrs Hiruni Jupangati (born 20/05/1929) was admitted by her GP last night with exasperation of asthma. She was born in Sri Lanka but migrated to Australia with her Australian Aboriginal keep up whom she met during the 2nd World War. He worked as a stockman for a nearby cattle grade until he retired to their scurvy ho drop in town 25 days ago. Their eldest son left home as a adolescent and hasnt retained contact with the family. Mrs Jupangati has 2 other children a young woman who lives on a sheep station just tabu of town, and a son who is a remote Aboriginal wellness worker in the NT.Mrs Jupangati has lived alone since her husband of 68 years die d suddenly from a stroke 9 months ago. Although she is eligible for a place in a nursing home in Bigganbad, the regional centre 650km away, she is determined to see out her days at home. She receives support from the community suck in for wound condole with and her fille who visits periodic to do with housework etc. She enjoys pottering in her ve scrambleable and herb gardens, readying Sri Lankan food, watching cricket and making robes for the Katina ceremony. Hiruni likes to spend meter every day meditating, chanting from the Pali clearon, and burning incense. The Buddhist monk visits once a month from Bigganbad and she attends the annual Poson and Katina festivals in Brisbane with her daughter.Mrs Jupangati has some mild short term remembrance loss and her GP noned she seemed somewhat confused during his visit. While she is ordinarily independent in performing her ADLs, Hiruni attends to them once or twice per week. She wears a light pad for some urge urine incontinenc e. After 45 years of smoking heavily she stopped 5 years ago. Mrs Jupangati had ablation of cataracts and insertion of IOL 2 years ago and wears glasses for reading. She female genitalia broadcast short distances independently with a walking frame.Mrs Jupangati has Osteoarthritis in her back, beseeming(ip) hip peg and both knees. She had a left total hip electrical switch 6 months ago and is on the waiting list for the other conjunction successors. She was diagnosed with character reference 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) 5 years ago and has inevitable insulin for the past 3 years. Her BGLs name been reasonably stable over that time.A grand with asthma attack and Diabetes, Mrs Jupangatis medical history includes Rheumatic fever as a child, ischemic Heart Disease (she had CABG 25 years ago), Congestive cardiac Failure (CCF), and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). At succession 67 Mrs Jupangati had a left mastectomy and axillary clearance for breast cancer. sermon included radiation and chemotherapy. There has been no appargonnt reoccurrence although she has not complied with inspection mammograms which can only be done in Bigganbad.Mrs Jupangati has had four admissions to the local anesthetic hospital in the past 6 months. One was for a affect and the other 3 for exacerbation of COPD and respiratory tract transmissions. She has a sm only skin tear on her proficient forearm, a diabetic ulceration on her left foot, and 2 small scratches from gardening on her right lower leg, all of which ar being managed by the community admit GP. Mrs Jupangati has several missing and decayed teeth. She is complaining of ache in the neckful areas on her tail bone and red right heel since watching the recent cricket tribulation series on TV. She wears comprehend emboldens though exigencys reminding to use them.Patient observations on arrival to the hospital were as followsHeight 150cm metric weight unit 87kgBP 160/90Pulse 108 irregularRespirat ions 32Temperature 37.8CO2 saturations 84% way business lineBSL 8.2mmol/lUrinalysis pH 6.0, SG 1010, Nitrates +, Leukocytes ++, Blood ++, urine dense and offensiveCurrent MedicationsLantusActrapidSeretide and Ventolin inhalersPanadol OsteoVoltaren Gel (her daughter gave this to her last week to help with arthritic pain in the ass)Oxycodone PRNFrusemideEnalaprilprednisoloneAtorvastatinColoxyl and SennaPending investigationsChest X-RayBlood footracesSpirometryMid-stream urine (MSU) other(a) ordersTED stockingsBed rest with toilet privilegesOxygen 2L/min via nasal prongs gas balance bowel chartsQ2 bind, list and briefly outline the use for the equipment inevitable to obtain all of Hiruni Jupangatis observations and complete the measurement form.A2 As indite in (Tollefson, J., Watson, G., Jelly, E., Tambree, K., Bishop, T, 2015, pp.10-30, 66-98) the equipment indispensable to carry out the observations for Mrs Jupangati areGloves and hand wash aid in preventing spread of in fection.Height and weight scales needed to find BMI. estimator to work out BMI.Blood Pressure and sphygmomanometer with BP cuff to take derivation haul.Stethoscope to listen to heart beat.Pen torch to check if PEARL.Watch for RR and cadence rates.Thermometer with probe covers take temperature.Pulse oximeter to get Mrs Jupangati SpO2 level.UrinalysisCommode, bedpan as required/ PPE/ specimen container/ urinalysis bottle with regent strips/ paper towel/ perineal apportion equipment/ watch/ pen and paper.BGLGlucometer/ cotton balls or gauze/ fizgig/ sharps container/ testing strip/ diabetic chart/ warm water.Computer / relevant forms and pen to document data collected. tolerable inevitably re raftQ3 joust five (5) strategies you could implement to enable Heroin to meet her emotional, psychosocial and spiritual needs. detect 3 ways you would ensure both her privacy and confidentiality are maintained while she is an inpatient.A3 Understanding how Mrs Jupangati culture belief vie w health care countenance help to tailor questions and treatment plans to the Mrs Jupangati needs. By asking Mrs Jupangati slightly her religious and spiritual practice, you can learn something about Mrs Jupangati health care choices and preferences. Get to know Mrs Jupangati health problems bequeath help you to develop a care plan for Mrs Jupangati, also involve Mrs Jupangati in her care plan. squall Mrs Jupangati needs this will show Mrs Jupangati that you do care and that you want to add Mrs Jupangati with the best plan of care possible. Gain Mrs Junpangati trust by providing consistent, humble and patient-focused care, follow with on commitments and feature an accepting attitude quite an than being judgmental (Crisp, Douglas, Rebeiro, Waters, 2016 pp 447- 449 ). Three ways you would ensure Mrs Junpangati privacy are environment which is drawing curtains, closing windows and doors. No gossiping about her to ply members and patients. Do not post anything about her on s ocial (Crisp et al., 2016 p225). qualified necessarily changeQ4What communication techniques would you use when interviewing/assessing Hiruni and explain briefly how they would sanction you.A4 Active listening is taking an interest in what Mrs Junpangati has to say through verbal signal, nonverbal gestures, and body language. Using active listening will help build trust with Mrs Junpangati(Crisp et al., 2016 p222 ) .Using body language and gestures is primary(prenominal) in making a connection with Mrs Junpangati, by taking the time to make eye contact, smiling, leaning forward and foc apply my attention on Mrs Junpangati will help make a connection with her(Crisp et al., 2016 p223). beging circularize end questions will require Mrs Junpangati to expand on her answer. English is Mrs Junpangati secondment language Junpangati whitethorn exact difficult communicating, then closed questions whitethorn be required. Mrs Junpangati cultural difference and ESL may require me to promp t her, using clarification/validating techniques to build trust(Crisp et al., 2016 p224 ). copasetic Needs revisionQ5 go off Mrs Jupangatis vital signs and observations. Identify whether they are within the normal range. If they are not within normal range introduce what the normal range and divergence is and what the variance may indicate. Discuss your relevant duty of care expectations as an EN.A5 An EN duty of care expectations are to document, ensuring confidentiality of all vital signs and observations straightaway after they are done. Any abnormalities of the vital signs and observations should be reported at one time to the RN so further action can be interpreted (Crisp et al., 2016 p173).Satisfactory Needs revisionQ9Identify four (4) potential trys in collecting the MSU and discuss what you, as the EN, would do to minimise these risks. Briefly state what relevance an environmental policy/procedure would have to Mid-Stream Urine compendium/testing.A9 Four potential r isks are contamination, infection, urine spill and incorrect labelling. These risks can be minimise by making sure the container is sterile, not trace the inside of the container, the specimen is taken mid-stream as required. Wear gloves to avoid infection and contamination and follow hand hygiene policy. Use ppe such as gloves, apron and glasses in case it splashes everywhere. To avoid incorrect labelling film out the label before you give the container to Mrs Junganati, verify with Mrs Junganati details as the label is fill out and make sure the correct test procedure is written on the label as well (Crisp et al., 2016 pp 648-658 ).The relevance an environmental policy/procedure would have to a mid-Stream Urine ingathering/testing is it would tell you how to dispose of the urine and container correctly (Crisp et al., 2016 pp 132-133).Satisfactory Needs revisionQ10Explain peachy documentation standards/principles you would use as an EN caring for Mrs Jupangati.A10 Good documen tation standards/principles are making sure all documents are focussed, accurate. Complete, timely, understandable, always objective and legible. On every document must(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) be the unique identifier or medical record number, patients full name, DOB, gender. For good documentation entries must be neat, legible and English, must have proper grammar and spelling, must be accurate and clear, use black ink which is good reproducible, use approved symbols and abbreviations, use the 24hr clock time sequenced, all entries from students must be countersigned by clinician who is supervising, all entries must be signed by author, followed by name and designation, make sure all entries are real (Crisp et al., 2016 pp178-181).Satisfactory Needs revisionQ13Using your knowledge of anatomy and physiology give away and discuss three (3) possible brings of Mrs Jupangatis collapse.A13Mrs Jupangati has osteoarthritis in her back, right hip and both knees. She als o had a total left hip replacement 6 months ago and is on the waiting list for other joint replacements. She has also been admitted to hospital in the last 6 months with a fall. Mrs Jupangati has arthritis along with osteoarthritis which cause the cartilage or cushion between joints breaks cumulus overhauling to pain, stiffness and swelling. Mrs Jupangati may have fell because her joints gave way or they lock up (Nazarko, 2015).Mrs Jupangati has type 2 Diabetes, she is taking insulin injections for her type 2 diabetes. Mrs Jupangati is obese which may be the cause she has type 2 diabetes. With Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas usually produces some insulin. But either the amount produced is not enough for the bodys needs, or the bodys cells are resistant to it. Symptoms of diabetes may include fatigue, fuzzed vision and loss of consciousness (rare). Type 2 diabetes also increases your risk of a stroke. Mrs Janpangati might have miss her insulin medication, which style glucose cannot make it into the cells to offer energy to the body, which may have cause Mrs Janpangati to have fatigue, blurred vision and loss of consciousness which cause her to fall (Nazarko, 2015).Mrs Jupangati was admitted last night with exacerbation of asthma. She was admitted with a very high respiratory rate. Mrs Jupangati use to smoke for 45 years. Mrs Jupangati has COPD and asthma which cause narrowing of the airways. Mrs Jupangati is not able to get the required amount of air into her lungs because she unable to take a full breath. Mrs Junpangati is tachycardia which essence her heart is working hard to supply the body with more oxygenated livestock, which means the lungs have to work faster to oxygenate the cable as well. Mrs Jupangati may have had an asthma attack which may cause her unable to go on and lose consciousness, which cause her to fall and hit her head (Nazarko, 2015).Satisfactory Needs revisionQ15List Mrs Jupangatis analgesic medications. Outline the litigate you would use to assess the need to give the opioid. Is an EEN authorised to administer the opioid? If so, explain how legislative and regulative standards support this practice and how the EN would ensure these requirements are met whilst performing this activity.A15 Mrs Jupangatis analgesic medication is Oxycodone and Panadol Osteo. To assess to see if Mrs Jupangati needs her Oxycodone PRN a pain perspicacity will be required. A pain assessment consists of provoking/palliative factors what makes the pain better or worst. Quality what the pain feels like in the patient words. Region and radiation, where is the pain, does it radiate, does it occur anywhere else, have the patient point to where the pain is. Severity, have the patient rate their pain using a pain rating scale, ask the patient how some(prenominal) pain they have at rest and how much pain they have at riflement. Time, when the pain began and how long did the pain last. Patients understanding of the cause of pain and wh at treatments have they tried to relieve it (Crisp et al., 2016 p1336). An EN can administer the opioid because it is a control drug. For a EN to administer Mrs Jupangatis opioid they must have written in instruction from one of the following dentist, doctor, nurse practitioner, physician henchman or surgical podiatrist and a doctor, dentist or registered nurse supervise, or they can give control drug to a someone if has been dispense for that person doctor, dentist or registered nurse supervise (Queensland Government, 2016).Satisfactory Needs revisionQ16Review Mrs Jupangatis medical history medications. Identify pressing patient education needs, describe how you would go about this and who you would involve.A16 Diabetes, Mrs Jupangati needs to lead a heathier lifestyle I would involve the following doctor, dietician or nutritionist, accredited exercise physiologist/physiotherapist and her daughter. Blood glucose Mrs Jupangati needs to check her blood glucose levels at home to m aking sure she is within normal limits and Mrs Jupangati must take the required medication so the following people should be involve the RN, her community nurse and Mrs Jupangati daughter to ensure she carry out this.Pressure Area Care, Mrs Jupangati needs education on squeeze injuries, how her diabetes will increases the risks, what can Mrs Jupangati do to minimise these risk and how Mrs Jupangati can care for her pressure injury. People to get involved doctor/RN direct to her and her daughter and community nurse. Wound care, involve Mrs Jupangati, daughter and community nurse. Nutrition get the following people involved nutritionist and her daughter. Advise them of what Mrs Jupangati should be have and avoiding. Oral hygiene Mrs Jupangati needs to be refer to a dentist, explicate Mrs Jupangati, community nurse and daughter, educate them on steroid medications effect on Mrs Jupangati teeth and educate them on embouchure care. ADLs/hygiene involved Mrs Jupangati , community nu rse and her daughter, explain to them why hygiene is so important when you are a diabetic because it can cause sores to become infected a lot easier. How to use puffers/s footprintr, involve Mrs Jupangati, community nurse and her daughter. Explain the process with them and show them as well.When direction Mrs Jupangati reduce environmental distractions, to compensate for Mrs Jupangati hearing loss and with Mrs Jupangati attention and concentration. When talking to Mrs Jupangati use a low-pitched voice, speak clearly and slowly, and strikingness Mrs Jupangati while talking. Encourage Mrs Jupangati to use her hearing aid. Ask the Mrs Jupangati questions to verify that she has understood what been said, and give written information as alleviation to what youve presented orally to Mrs Jupangati. Mrs Jupangati has impaired vision, use adequate diffused light, and avoid having Mrs Jupangati face a direct source of light. Make sure Mrs Jupangati has her prescription glasses, make sure s he is wearing them, and use large print for labels and instructions. Keep teaching sessions short for Mrs Jupangati between 10 to 15 minutes and schedule them to allow Mrs Jupangati to rest as needed. When teaching Mrs Jupangati any activity or skill, the pace must be set Mrs Jupangati(Crisp et al., 2016 pp 26-7) .Satisfactory Needs revisionQ17Identify potential causes of Mrs Jupangatis poor oral condition and describe how you could assist her in maintaining proper oral health.A17 Cause of Mrs Jupangati poor oral condition are diabetes if Mrs Jupangati poorly managed her diabetes she is at an increased risk of tooth decay and gum infections (Diabetes Victoria, 2016). She is a former smoker which can cause mouth decay. She is taking prednisolone which may lead to bone loss in her mouth. She is taking steroids which can cause oral thrush. Mrs Jupangati has medicine for high blood pressure, analgesics and ACE inhibitors which cause insufficient saliva which cause gum disease because s aliva keeps the mouth healthy (NPS MedicineWise, 2016). While Mrs Jupangati is in hospital I will help her with her oral care by assisting her with oral care twice a day. By assisting Mrs Jupangati I will educate Mrs Jupangati on why it is immenseness to do her oral care and it will get her in a routine. Educate Mrs Jupangati about diabetes and gum disease that she needs to have her BGL at the right level, needs to take her medication correctly and is to test her BGL regularly.Satisfactory Needs revisionQ18Discuss the potential cause of Mrs Jupangatis painful coccyx reddened right heel and explain why this might have occurred. Outline how the EN will manage this concern effectively.A18Mrs Jupangati is 87years old, has diabetes, and limited mobility. As people age their subcutaneous fat diminishes and their skin texture spend out. The loss of skin texture allow the epidermis to peel away, increase the likelihood of skin tears. Mrs Jupangati has lost her skin texture and has poor blood flow to her extremities, especially legs and feet due to her diabetes. Mrs Jupangati poor glucose levels may result in a reduced blood supply which makes them more prone to infection, ulcers and pressure injuries As Mrs Jupangati has been watching the cricket sitting down for a long period of time without moving, she would be applying pressure on her coccyx and her heels on the couch. This would have interfere with her circulation because she was applying pressure which would have cause tissue death. The EN will need to do a waterlow risk assessment Mrs Jupangati must be move every two hours, the EN will need to put a mepilex INSITU on Mrs Jupangati heel and coccyx . Mrs Jupangati must have a wedge pillow under her shins and be given an air bed. The EN can wash and dry the area as well. The EN must educate Mrs Jupangati on pressure injury care and prevention, advising Mrs Jupangati to move every couple of hours. Informing Mrs Jupangati to use non-cosmetic moisturisers on her skin, check regularly for red or sores areas, and about hygiene (Crisp et al., 2016 pp724-736).Satisfactory Needs revisionReferences Crisp, J., Douglas, C., Rebeiro, G., Waters, D. (2016). Potter Perrys fundamentals of nursing (5 ed.). Australia Harcourt Publishers Group PtyDiabetes Victoria. (2016). Diabetes long-term effects. Retrieved 2 19, 2017, from https//www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/diabetes-long-term-effectsNazarko, L. (2015). Modifiable risk factors for falls and minimizing the risk of harm. Nurse Prescribing, 13(4), 192-198. Retrieved from CINAHL database http//web.ebscohost.comNPS MedicineWise. (2016). Prednisolone (corticosteroids (oral and injectable)). Retrieved 2 19, 2017, from http//www.nps.org.au/medicines/hormonal-and-metabolic-system/corticosteroids-oral-and-injectable/prednisolone-corticosteroids-oral-and-injectableQueensland Government. (2016). Health (Drugs and Poisons) Regulation 1966. Retrieved from https//www.legislation.ql d.gov.au/LEGISLTN/CURRENT/H/HealDrAPoR96.pdfTollefson, J., Watson, G., Jelly, E., Tambree, K. (2015). Essential clinical skills Enrolled/ voice 2 nurses. (3 ed.). Melbourne, VIC, Australia Cengage Learning Australia.

Income Inequality Reduction in South Africa

Income In coupleity Reduction in southeastern AfricaThe disparate distribution of a nations gross domestic product amongst its universe. That is how (Sullivan Sheffrin 2003) define income variation. It is usually characterised by two underling issues the unfitness of an rescue to efficiently utilise its situationors of production, and limited affable mobility ranging from social classes to ethnicity and even nations. bill demonst order of magnitude how variation fe mannish genitalia act as a barrier to sustainable development highlighted in the Brundt state Report (UN, 1987). Quality economical reaping is the of import expression emphasised in the report in an attempt to expound the requirements of a more equal and democratic society.Up until re pennyime times, southwestern Africa has boasted the largest economy in Africa. This has resulted in heavy examination of economic growth levels in the country. Between 1960 and 2013, the country recorded average growth rates of approximately 3.25% (World margin 2013). However, this growth hasnt been enjoyed by the masses, approximately 23.7 per centime of the countrys labour forces were unemployed in 2009 and 25 per cent in 2012 (World situate 2013). In federation Africa, there are combinations of factors work together causing income disparity in the country. However, even in post- apartheid southeastward Africa, look sharp is still a significant factor responsible for the wisecrack betwixt the rich and poor. (Sherer, 2000) and (Ozler. 2007). This is significant because it has been observed that societies that are more equal experience longer periods of economic growth (UN, 1987). The Gini coefficient measured at 0.6314 in 2009, is incongruously high for an upper- pump-income nation (World Bank 2013)Gini Coefficients southerly AfricaAccording to (World Bank 2013) the Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income or consumption expenditure among individuals or households wit hin an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. Gini coefficients measures the variances betwixt all pairs of incomes and their and sum their absolute difference.Between 1948 and into the early 1990s no official data was collected with regards to inequality levels in due south Africa. passim this period, southmost Africa was still under the apartheid regime and the government were far from touch on by the clear inequality in the country.Observing the interpret in a higher(prenominal) place it appears that inequality decreased mentioning the dissolution of the apartheid regime and has gradually ontogenesis for most of the first decade in the most-recent millennium. Having said that, perspective is essential as the data set is extremely limited, and it is possible that fluctuations may be a result of standard economic business cycles. Therefore it is infeasible to use Gini data to provide empirical evidence for or against income inequality patterns.Lorenz sli ps entropy AfricaThe Lorenz curve plots the percentage of total income earned by motley portions of the nation when the population is ordered by the size of their incomes (Gastwirth, 1971)Figures in the graph be economic crisis are centred on monthly per capita household expenditures in 2000 ZAR ( sulfur African Rands)The Lorenz curve illustrated above is a graphical representation of the distribution of income among the southbound African population. It is clear for the graph that the Lorenz Curve for southwestward Africa in the course of instruction 2000 is underneath that of the year 1995 until it reaches the 85 per cent percentile. The Lorenz principle is void in this case as there is a intersection in the Lorenz curves. Results from the Lorenz curve should non be taken as factual as it does not take into account key dynamics that are responsible for income inequality. For example, wad union bargaining, land ownership and preceptal achievement (Azam Rospab, 2007).Kuznet s Ratio South AfricaThe Kuznets ratio can be defined as a meter that observes the income share attained by the richest 20 per cent of the population shared by that held by the poorest 40 per cent.Data for Kuznets ratio table in South Africa is effectuate on data available from the World Bank to date.Above is table illustrating the Kuznets ratio in South Africa, this table is establish on the data available from the World Bank to date. Looking at the table it is clear that the disbandment of the apartheid lifestyle inequality seems to decrease. This is observable by analyze the 1993 and 1995 Kuznets ratios. From the data available it can be deduced that from 2000, inequality in South Africa has been increasing (7.24 in 2000, and then 9.30 in 2009). This hypothesis matches that of the Gini-coefficient data which proposes a notion of inequality rising since the turn of the twenty-first century.2020 Ratio South AfricaThe 2020 ratio is a measuring stick of the income share of the r ichest 20 per cent compared to that of the poorest 20%. Its methods in measuring inequality are similar to that of the Kuznets ratio. However the 2020 ratio can be more revealing of the actual impact of inequality in a society. This is because the effect of outliers is reduced on the top and bottom and prevents the middle 60 per cent concealing inequality levels.Data for 2020 ratio table in South Africa is based on data available from the World Bank to date.Results from the 2020 ratio follow similar patterns to that of the Kuznets ratio. Inequality is seen to decrease between 1993 and 1995, however again identical the Kuznets ratio it increases at the turn of the twenty first century (20.5 in 2000 but then 25.26 in 2009).Theil-T index South AfricaThe Theil-T index is other statistic that measures inequality in societies. The Theil-T index however is unique compared to other economic inequality measurements. It is a specialised form of the entropy index, differentiating inequality between and crosswise various free radicals in society.According to (Woolard, 2002) approximately 40 per cent of inequality in South Africa is between races. 33 per cent is intra-African and 21 per cent intra-White.Average household monthly wage by race and consumption quintle (ZAR)Mean hourly wages by racial group (ZAR/Hour)The unproductive nature of sylvan farming in rural South Africa has had an effect of encouraging a culture of dependency. Rural families ware stick heavily reliant on migrated family members remittance. overdue to this culture, labour market access has interpreted a key constituent in providing income for job seekers, and to those who depend on them to repatriate income. (Allanson Atkins 2005) claim that African workers wages have improved by almost 30 per cent. It is considerd that the introduction of minimum wage policies (OECD 2010) has caused this change. These policies were introduced in an attempt to galvanise rectifying the injustices of aparth eid.Looking at the figure 6 above, it is clear that there has been an good in the wages of rural migrants. Pro-labour acts as well as increases in labour mobility have meant that more rural migrants have been able to discover employment in urban areas. However, the introduction of minimum wage policies as mentioned before has not been completely victorful. In fact, it has significantly contributed to the high unemployment levels before long witnessed in South Africa. The African National Congress (ANC) attempted to assail this problem through wage subsidies. However this attempt has been mostly unrealised in reduce inequality as businesses prefer highly-skil conduct workers (Delfin 2010)Access to curtail Land and its use in Rural AreasApartheid institutionalised both conflict and environmental degradation by allocating, through the homelands brass, 14 per cent of the nations land to 72 per cent of the population (UN, 1987). Figure 7 above illustrates how, crosswise rural S outh Africa post-apartheid, the three most deprived quintiles, measured by consumption, had relatively smaller quantities of land which were shared communally, and were un-irrigated. Research undertaken by (UNDP, 2003) has hypothesised that unjust land distribution within the country has been a stumbling block to the annihilation of extreme poverty in rural South Africa. (UNDP, 2003) also highlights how In 2002, 37.3 per cent of households disposable income was from property. This indicates that the property right concentration insurance enforced under the 1912 Native Lands Act, continues to extend income disparities in South Africa.At this time the African National Congress (ANC) was the new party in power. They developed a reconstruction and development programme (RDP) in order to combat the underlying issues in South Africa. The shewation of the programme was based around three key land- unsnarl pillars restitution, redistribution and tenure reform. The ANC took a market- take involuntary seller, willing buyer approach. The main objective of this approach was to promote economic growth, social and food security (UNDP, 2003). According to the work of (Philip David, 2003) roughly 1 per cent of entitled South Africans applied for restitution under the above-mentioned RDP. (UNDP, 2003) cites the fact that since redistribution was not complemented by the provision of a sufficient support scheme, success has limited.Cross-sectional studies conducted in Limpopo, (province in South Africa), established that the resources required by rural farmers to make land arable were too expensive (Eastwood, Kirsten, Lipton, 2006). The plane section of Agriculture and Land Affairs (DALA), who is responsible for implementing the land reforms, were allocated only a third of a per cent of the South African national calculate in 2002 (UNDP, 2003). A DALA report on the quality of life of South African farmers, found that only 22 per cent of those farmers who profited from th e land reform were able to make sufficient revenue from the land (UNDP, 2003). Academic specialists of rural South Africa believe that suitably adapted land reform could play an important part in restructuring the rural sector in South Africa (Deininger, 1999). This hypothesis is backed up by the fact that pilot studies led by the South African government have successfully increase rural farmers income. This increase has been achieved by facilitating joint schemes between White and African commercial farmers, resulting in increase access to credit, applied science and consumer markets (UNDP, 2003).http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_metricsUnequal access to humdamian capital has been one of the biggest income-inequality drivers within post-apartheid South Africa. It has led to racial wage discrimination, both as a result of skills dark-skinned technological change and institutional racism (Azam Rospab, 2007). These factors have led to an increase and fall in the demand for white and black workers respectively (Michaud Vencatachellum, 2003). These low returns to education for black children have negatively affected African parents gentle capital investment. As shown in Graph 7, South Africa, in parity to most other Sub-Saharan African countries, has had relatively high levels of first work enrolment. However, it is also worth observing that during the apartheid, the 1953 Bantu Act restrict the quality of education available to non-whites (Michaud Vencatachellum, 2003). Roughly, for every 4 R worn out(p) on a White child, only 3 R were worn-out(a) on an Indian child, 2 R on a nonreversible child and 1 R on a Black child. (Thomas, 1996).A panel study in Cape Town found that the centre of African students enrolled in school was positively correlated with grade repeat (Lam, Ardington, Leibbrandt, 2011). This was as a result of the inadequate internal assessment procedures undertaken across predominantly-black public schools. Hence, grade pr ogression within these schools was sparsely linked with cognitive ability. The study concluded that, often, for African students grade advancement is a lottery. pitiful management within South Africas public school system makes human capital investment too costly for poorer African households (Edmonds, 2006). The inability of the poorest South African parents to invest in future generations educational advancement has exacerbated income inequality.A study into the effects of credit constraints on schooling decisions, found that, amongst the poorest black South African families, the opportunity costs of sending children to school decreased as anticipated pension eligibility increased (Edmonds, 2006). The study found that each additional schooling year of exposure to a male pensioner increases the probability that a male completes primary school by three percentage points. (Edmonds, 2006). Another study (Duflo, 2004), found that increases in an older females pension increased the h eight of younger females in the same households by 1.16 standard deviations. Cash transfers in South Africa have had successful re-distributional effects, which have extended beyond their recipients in the form of increased spending on childrens wellbeing.Within both state-run and private South African educational institutions, school fees this instant limit the quality of education poorer households have access to (Seloda Zenou, 2003). The schools with higher fees tend to offer better facilities and higher teacher-student ratios, but are often further away from the black students. A study (Seloda Zenou, 2003) assessed the cross-cultural human capital effects of transportation subsidies, private-school vouchers and public-school spending in Central Business Districts and Black Townships. The study found that a restricted-voucher policy, which could be offered to low-income families, would offset the fee-setting behaviour in predominantly-white areas. The study estimated that if t he policy was financed by a 1% income tax rate, it could increase black students access to better schools by over 50 per cent (Seloda Zenou, 2003) .In conclusion, income inequality reduction measures have been, for the most part, unsuccessful in South Africa. Market-led principles, which have driven reforms in education, labour and land markets, have not achieved the desired trickle-down effect on many of the poorest South Africans. Rather, they have directly increased the returns to factors which have traditionally been monopolised by the white minority population (Murray Leibbrandt, 2010). However, more recent signs indicate that inequality may be move across races but increasing within them (OECD, 2010). In light of move world commodity prices and an uncertain global economic outlook, I believe the long-term success of South Africas economy primarily hinges on initiatives, such as cash transfers, which will help poorer households finance their childrens access to higher-level human capital.

A Definition Of Monopoly Economics Essay

A Definition Of Monopoly Economics EssayMonopoly is an industry that has whole angiotensin converting enzyme satisfying that shell outs a good which has no close substitutes. Monopoly fuddleds also represent industries because in that location argon no other planetary houses in the market. Products that argon from monopoly market be electrical energy, water, cable television, local telephone work and legion(predicate) more. Examples of monopoly firm in Malaysia is Tenaga Nasional Berhad, TNBs unique position as a monopoly in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Peninsular Malaysia. TNB is the solely firm that provides us electricity to every building in Malaysia. Another monopoly firm in Malaysia that unless provide sewerage services is Indah Water Konsortium Sdn Bhd. Indah Water Konsortium is the all firm in Malaysia that mainly responsible for operating and maintaining the public sewage intervention plants and network of underground sew erage pipelines.Characteristics of Monopoly MarketOne seller and king-sized upshot of purchaseersMonopoly market characteristics atomic frame 18 they is only if one elicitr or seller in the market and there be many buyers. Therefore, the firm had the power to ascendence the whole market whether it is from the angle of determining the footing or the quantity of harvestingion. A monopolist has the power to determine the level of price because there is no opposition from other firms. Therefore, if the monopolist intends to sell a bigger quantity, it has to reduce the price. This means that the monopolist cornerstone only control the price or the quantity of sales, and not both at once.No close substitutionFurthermore, monopoly firms goods f totally in no substitutes, its means consumers have no choice other than what is produced by the monopolist and they cant stupefy any substitute of the proceeds. For example, Telekom Malaysia is a firms that provide home telephone services which has no close substitutes but if the buyer can find other firms that provide home telephone service therefore the product is no longer in monopoly.Restriction of entranceway of new firmsAll the competitors are prevented from entering the market due to strict barriers to the introduction of new firm. To resile the entry of new firms into the industry, there are barriers to entry that are earthy or legal restrictions. There are no rival faces by monopolist is because of barriers of entry.AdvertisingA monopolist doesnt need to advertise their product or services to increase sales because monopolist had the right to control the market and consumers know where to obtain the products and they have no choice to buy from other producer. Monopoly firms that provide local public utilities such as water, electricity and home phone services doesnt need to advertise since they are the only firms that provide it and customers had no choice to buy it from another firm.Intro to head word 2It is traditional to divide industries into categories according to the degree of competition that exists betwixt the firms within the industry. There are four such categories.First of all is perfect competition is the market where there is a large number of buyers and seller. The goods sold in the market are homogenous where most of the goods are alike and most likely the same. Therefore, sellers can easily enter and fall out from the market. Most of the agricultural goods are included in perfect competition market such as vegetables, fruits, rice, coffee beans, wheat, primary commodities, gold, silver and others. routine will be non war-ridden is a market structure in which there are large numbers of small sellers selling secern products but these are close substitute products and have easy entry into and exit from the market. Most of the products in non warring competition are substitutes and the only differences of the products are such as branding. Unlike perfec t competition, in monopolistic competition market, most of the products are different, but goods are close substitutes for one another. Products that are under monopolistic competition are shoes, clothes, books, watches, toothpastes, soaps, ice creams, chocolates and many more.Next will be oligopoly, where it is a market structure in which there are only one firms selling either regulate or differentiated products and it restricts the entry into and exit from the market. Due to difficult or impossible for new firms to enter the market, most of the firms in oligopoly market can earn abnormal attains in long run. Examples for this market are cigarettes, automobiles, electrical equipment and cementLastly monopoly, where it is only exists when an industry or market has only one producer. Most of the public utility firms are in monopoly market.Features of the four market structuresType of MarketNumber of FirmsFreedom of entryNature of productExamplesImplication for deal curve for firm meliorate competitionVery manyUnrestrictedHomogeneous(Undifferentiated)Cabbages, carrots, local sodbuster (these approximate to perfect competition)Horizontal. The firm is a price taker.Monopolistic competitionMany/severalUnrestrictedDifferentiatedBuilders, restaurants downwardly sloping, but relatively elastic. The firm has some control over priceOligopolyFew circumscribe1. Undifferentiated2. Differentiated1. Cement 2. Cars, electrical appliancesDownward sloping, relatively dead but depends on reactions of rivals to a price changeMonopolyOnequalified or completely blockedUniquePublic utilityDownward sloping, more inelastic than oligopoly, The firm has considerable control over priceComparison of Perfect Competition and Monopolistic CompetitionSimilaritiesThere are large number of firms in both markets. Seller from both markets are easily enter and exit from the market. The firms maximizes profit when MR is equal to MC. Firms from both market may earn economic profit or normal pr ofit or incur losses in short run. While in long run, perfect competitive and monopolistic competitive firms earn only normal profit.Differences of Perfect Competition and Monopolistic CompetitionThe forces of demand and provision for the entire industry determine prices in the perfect competition market. While, in monopolistic competition market, every firm has its own price policy. In can be conclude as perfect competition firms are price takers and monopolistic firms are price makers. A perfect competitive firm sells homogenous products while monopolistic competitive firm sells product that are differentiated product. Product differentiation may lead monopolistic competition in selling cost. There are large number of firms that are in perfect competition while only fairyland large number of firms in monopolistic competition. A perfect competitive firms demand curve is perfectly elastic and MR curve is equal to mean(a) revenue curve but in monopolistic competitive firm, the dema nd curve is downward sloping and MR curve is also downward sloping, which lies under the average revenue curve.Differences of Oligopoly and MonopolyOligopoly is a market structural in which there are a few number of firms in the industry that produce either identical or differentiated product.

The Potential for Avian Influenza to Cause Another Worldwide Pandemic E

The Potential for avian in grippeenza to Cause A nonher Worldwide PandemicAbstractthither are three major factors involved in the start of a epidemic the viral strain mustiness be new, able to showcase serious illness, and transmit efficiently between piece. This article explores the avian grippe virus?s potential to cause other global pandemic through its ease of transmission and ability to evade treatment. Avian image A influenza virus gener completelyy spreads either through an talk terms vector during the process of antigenic shift or directly to humans when it jumps the species barrier. A certain strain of the virus, H5N1 was of particular concern as it was the depression strain to move directly from birds to humans. The avian influenza virus poses some other threat as it evolves quickly through antigenic drift and eludes all treatment protocol, quickly gaining resistance to medication. Battling not trying to stop this virus seems to be the best course of action as we prepare ourselves for another possible outbreak.Avian influenza is a viral disease that does not normally affect humans. However, there have been an increasing number of cases where pack have been affected and died. In order for any virus to conk out a pandemic, it must fulfill three major requirements. It needs to be a new subtype of the virus, one that hasn?t existed in the past. It must be able to replicate itself and cause serious damage in humans, and it must have the ability to transmit efficiently between humans. (World health Organization, 2005). During the twentieth century, there were three pandemics of a strain of avian influenza, two of which (originating in Hong Kong and China) were caused by a new viral strain containing a combining of genes from both human and av... ...where and when it does strike seems to be the best way to involution this deadly virus.Avian influenza A Global Pandemic - 6References? Kaye, D., Pringle, C. (2004). Avian Influenza Viruses and th eir Implication for Human Health. Clinical Infectious Diseases, (40), 108-112? Ruben, F. (2005). Influenza getting our attention. Clinical Infectious Diseases, (40), 1697(2)? Center for Disease Control. (2005, May). Influenza (Flu). department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 7/25/2005 www.cdc.gov/flu? World Health Organization. (2005). Avian Influenza assessing the pandemic threat. The World Health Organization. 7/25/2005 www.who.int/en/? Mayo Clinic. (2005, March). Bird flu (avian influenza). MayoClinic.com. 7/25/2005 www.mayoclinic.com? Avian Medicine PHR 220, Spring 2005 UCD ? VM, Pat Wakenell, Avian Influenza

Online Gaming Essay -- Video Games Computer

IntroductionThe video turn industry generates tax revenue of between 18 and 25 billion US dollars per year (according to unhomogeneous estimates), with development costs, revenue and office/audience comparable (and often exceeding) that of the depiction industry.--John Kirriemuir, CeangalWhy should vocationes c atomic number 18 about gaming? After all, how much are people willing to spend on entertainment? Surprisingly, quite a readiness.The video gaming industry generates revenue of between 18 and 25 billion US dollars per year (according to various estimates), with development costs, revenue and use/audience comparable (and often exceeding) that of the movie industry. With the arrival of the next-generation online consoles from Sony, Nintendo, and Microsft, the industry expects to expire $30 billion by 2009(RocSearch Ltd). Both arguments show that the video stake industry as a contender in the media markets.As such, business leaders expecting to make their mark in the med ia industries must acquire an sympathy of video hazards on a global level. Doing so will gather up a look at the three major video game markets Asia, North America, and Europe. The purpose of this site is to ask the major global questions Does online gaming change from region to region? Who are the online gamers in these markets? How do the polar markets respond to online gaming? What are the positive and negative aspects of online gaming? And finally, what is the emerging of online gaming? Follow the links on the left for the answers. The Pros & Cons ofOnline Gaming merely as far as videogames are concerned, I think weve got really strong support in general. There are a lot of software companies and nobodys been able to get all the programmers to devote themselves... ... * Kelly, R.V.(2004). Massively multiplayer online role-playing games the people, the colony and the playing experience.NJ McFarland & Co. * Drotner, Kirsten (2001). Medier for Fremtiden. Copenhagen H st og Sn.Websites Consulted * DW Staff. . 2002. * Glenn, Elias. 2004. * ESA. 2005. * RocSearch. 2005. * Berkowitz, Ben. 2004. * Terdiman, Daniel. 2005. * Play Online. 2004. * Game Research. 2002.

Factors Affecting Research Culture at Universities in Pakistan Essay

Abstract query is an integral part of the higher education. Teachers and students spend weeks to find a respectable topic related to the field of study, data collection and analysis and lastly in writing papers. Conducting enquiry and writing papers creates a well-grounded activity amongst mental faculty and students which results in intimacy creation and emergence of look into refinement. Faculty at universities could be divided into two broad categories of teachers and investigateer. These categories are good in their preferred field only. The challenges faced by the faculty related to question vary between private and public sectors too. However, this research shows that the leadership, curriculum, people, external environment and research experience are important factors for a research culture at universities.Keywords research, university, higher education, leadership, faculty and inter-personal collaborationI. macrocosmResearch could be described as the first step in k nowledge creation, which starts with search, passes through the steps of learning, teaching and ends at knowledge creation. academe has an important role in the dissemination of knowledge to the wider family through direct and indirect interaction. A product of an individual, group or society of intelligent beings is known as culture, showing that culture is learnt through research. Therefore, the research culture whoremonger be defined as the act of knowledge creation, sharing and translated into action 1.The term research culture is a junto of two words research and culture. The word research means a careful or diligent search or the process of solicitation information about a particular subject. On the otherwisewise hand the word culture could be explained as the act ... ...ding for much(prenominal) activities are respected for their work as well as the livelihood that they attract 9. Universities have two basic purposes of existence - teaching and research both of whi ch are public trust, therefore, the universities have to prove worthy of it. Universities in the developing countries are not allowed to perform independently. Furthermore universities lack resources if the authorities support is withdrawn. Therefore, they need to find necessary resources to be able to survive. This can be done by becoming innovative and accessible to as many as possible 11 12 13.While studying the research culture in Caribbean universities, 14, it was mentioned that the research culture is one of the pre-requisites for a country to be able to find solutions to their problems rather than importing and adapting the knowledge created in other countries.

History of Turkey and the European Union Essay -- Turkey History Polit

History of jokester and the European Union bomb has had a long history with Europe and the European Union that stretches acantha many years. In 1952, bomb calorimeter joined the United States and most of westerly Europe in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). bomb calorimeter would look at this as the first step toward European acceptance, which had been so important to the countrys founder and hero, Kemal Ataturk. It would become an associate constituent of the western sandwich European Union.1 As early as 1959, misfire tried to gain enthrall into what is now the European Union, then known as the European economical Community (EEC).2 Under the Ankara Agreement of 1963, bomb calorimeter became an associate ingredient of the EEC.3 Denied becharm into the European Union in 1987, Turkey still keep to push for membership.4 The next pivotal moment came in 1996 when Turkey was admitted into the European Unions Customs Union.5 However, it was disappointed a year later when Turkey was non listed as part of the European Unions plans for enlargement. Finally, in 1999 at the Helsinki summit, Turkey was named as a candidate country.6 This meant that Turkey was one step apart from starting the accession process and realizing its goal of becoming a know member of Europe. Requirements to Join the European Union The European Union has particularized yet numerous qualifications that mustiness(prenominal) be met before accession. The European Council bent-grass the criteria for accession in June of 1993. It stated first that a country must have strong democratic institutions, including the rule of law and a imprimatur of civil rights. A viable economic market must exist, on with evidence that the economy of the applicant country can compete with those already in the EU. Al... ...Opportunity in Turkey, Financial Times, Oct. 21 (2003).? donnish seem necropsy Database,? Lexis-Nexis (29 October 2003).Gherghisan, Mihaela, ?Verheugen Carefu l about Turkish EU Accession, EUObserver.com, Apr. 29 (2003).? donnish seem premier Database,? Lexis-Nexis (8 October 2003).Heper, Metin. Historical Dictionary of Turkey. 2nd ed. Lanham, Maryland The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2002.EU Enlargement Commissioner Says Turkey Giving ?Mixed Picture,? ? AFX.? Com, Oct. 27 (2003).? Academic anticipate Premier Databas? Lexis-Nexis (29 October 2003).?EU/Turkey Euro 145 Million Pre-Accession Aid bundle Granted to ? Ankara,? European Report, Oct. 29 (2003).? Academic attempt Premier? Database, Lexis-Nexis (29 October 2003).?EU/Turkey Gunter Verheugen Cites 2011 as Possible Membership? Date,? European Report, Apr. 30 (2003). Academic Search Premier History of Turkey and the European Union analyze -- Turkey History PolitHistory of Turkey and the European Union Turkey has had a long history with Europe and the European Union that stretches moxie many years. In 1952, Turkey joined the United States and most of Western Europe in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Turkey would look at this as the first step toward European acceptance, which had been so important to the countrys founder and hero, Kemal Ataturk. It would become an associate member of the Western European Union.1 As early as 1959, Turkey tried to gain entrance into what is now the European Union, then known as the European stinting Community (EEC).2 Under the Ankara Agreement of 1963, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC.3 Denied entrance into the European Union in 1987, Turkey still keep to push for membership.4 The next pivotal moment came in 1996 when Turkey was admitted into the European Unions Customs Union.5 However, it was disappointed a year later when Turkey was non listed as part of the European Unions plans for enlargement. Finally, in 1999 at the Helsinki summit, Turkey was named as a candidate country.6 This meant that Turkey was one step outside from starting the accession process and realizing its goal o f becoming a know member of Europe. Requirements to Join the European Union The European Union has ad hoc yet numerous qualifications that must be met before accession. The European Council chasten the criteria for accession in June of 1993. It stated first that a country must have strong democratic institutions, including the rule of law and a warranty of civil rights. A viable economic market must exist, along with evidence that the economy of the applicant country can compete with those already in the EU. Al... ...Opportunity in Turkey, Financial Times, Oct. 21 (2003).? Academic Search Premier Database,? Lexis-Nexis (29 October 2003).Gherghisan, Mihaela, ?Verheugen Careful about Turkish EU Accession, EUObserver.com, Apr. 29 (2003).? Academic Search Premier Database,? Lexis-Nexis (8 October 2003).Heper, Metin. Historical Dictionary of Turkey. 2nd ed. Lanham, Maryland The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2002.EU Enlargement Commissioner Says Turkey Giving ?Mixed Picture,? ? AFX.? Co m, Oct. 27 (2003).? Academic Search Premier Databas? Lexis-Nexis (29 October 2003).?EU/Turkey Euro 145 Million Pre-Accession Aid software package Granted to ? Ankara,? European Report, Oct. 29 (2003).? Academic Search Premier? Database, Lexis-Nexis (29 October 2003).?EU/Turkey Gunter Verheugen Cites 2011 as Possible Membership? Date,? European Report, Apr. 30 (2003). Academic Search Premier

Religion and the Media Essay -- Papers

Religion and the Media In the world we live in today people have revolutionized the send off of deterrent exampleity, so that it is now regarded as a pastime instead of it merely being about matinee idol. In todays world media has evolved to be much more powerful than organized religion, and therefore some say that media is leasen more seriously. afterwards observation of the TV channels broadcast specific sacral programmes, I saw that altogether terrestrial TV channels had at least(prenominal)(prenominal) one hour a week of apparitional programmes. The government issues the liberty enabling TV companies to broadcast, and has a significant role in decision making on what has to be sh testify. In each TV channels broadcasting charter it is stated that they must provide an average of at least two hours a week of religious programmes. This means that if a TV channel does not show this minimum amount their license could be evoked. It is ver y obvious why the government is concerned about religion in the UK since hardly 48 per cent of UK residents claim to belong to a religion, compared to 89 per cent in the United States and 92 per cent in Italy. Also two-thirds of 18-24 year olds in the UK, say that they have no religious affiliation compared to just a quarter in Spain. Nearly all religious programmes are aired at non-prime time slots, with the exception only being Songs of Praise on Sundays from 17.45-18.15. This suggests that the TV companies see broadcasting religious programmes as something they must to do, and not something they wish to do. We see further register of this by Reverend Ernest Rea words, who was the head of religion and ethics at the BBC. Revd Ernest Rea explains that religion is... ...e put more thought on deciding how to end this moral issue, so there is a fair equilibrium on what the soap represents. I am not suggesting that they should exalt religion and not take into consideration the moral side of things, but what I am proverb is that there has to be a fine balance. Christians believe that life is sacred and that no one has the right to take away this gift that God has given us. The sanctity of life is first described in multiplication 127 So God created man in His own image in the image of God He created him male and female person He created them. From this biblical quote we can conclude that if God has created us in the image of Himself, then therefore each human exists as an expression of God and his character. Then this would surely mean that human beings cannot record this sacred image in anyway.

The History of the Antitrust Laws Essay -- U.S. Law

In the 1800s there were some(prenominal) origines known as trusts. These trusts owned the entire perseverance. Railroads, sugar, oil, and steel were some of the major(ip) products that were controlled by these trusts. U.S. Steel and Standard crude oil were two big companies that were known for controlling their product and the application it was a part of. The oil sedulousness was an easy industry to be monopolized because the deposits were rare. The Standard Oil Company was structured by John D. Rockefeller in Ohio in 1870. At the time, the refining business was highly competitive, and Standard Oil had more than 250 competitors. Rockefeller and his associates took advantage of both the scarcity of oil and the returns produced from it to lay down a monopoly, with no help from the banks. The industry practices and questionable strategy that Rockefeller used to form Standard Oil do the Enron mass feel ashamed, but the completed product was not burn down as harmful to t he market or the environment as the industry was previous to Rockefeller monopolizing it. There once were a lot of oil companies competing to coiffure the most of their find. Companies would pump waste products into the rivers or on the ground because it address too much for research on how to dispose of it properly. They also mown costs by pumping through poor pipelines that were famous for seepage. Standard Oil eventually owned 90% of oil production and distribution in the United States, and they had learned how to make m maviny off of their waste products. Vaseline was one of many of the new products formed. Andrew Carnegie went a lengthy way in producing a monopoly in the steel industry U.S. Steel, a gigantic corporation well reaching the magnitude of Standard Oil. U.S. Steel ... ...rman+ActAntitrust An Overview. ANTITRUST. juristic Information Institute. Cornell University Law School. http//www.law.cornell.edu/wex/Antitrust Sherman Anti-Trust Act. LawBrain. http //lawbrain.com/wiki/Sherman_Anti-Trust_ActClayton Act. LawBrain. http//lawbrain.com/wiki/Clayton_Act Herbert Hovenkamp. Clayton Act (1914). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress, 2004 Gale Cengage. http//www.enotes.com/clayton-act-1914-reference/clayton-act-1914 Herbert Hovenkamp. Federal shell out Commission Act (1914). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress, 2004 Gale Cengage. http//www.enotes.com/federal-trade-commission-act-1914-100734-reference/federal-trade-commission-act-1914 Herbert Hovenkamp. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). Enotes. Major Acts of Congress, 2004 Gale Cengage. http//www.enotes.com/sherman-antitrust-act-1890-101422-reference/sherman-antitrust-act-1890